Editing Parasitism (section)

==== Plants ====

Plants respond to parasite attack with a series of chemical defences, such as [[polyphenol oxidase]], under the control of the [[jasmonic acid]]-insensitive (JA) and [[salicylic acid]] (SA) signalling pathways.<ref name=Runyon2010>{{cite journal |last=Runyon |first=J. B. |author2=Mescher, M. C. |author3=De Moraes, C. M. |title=Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens |journal=Plant Signal Behav |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=929–31 |year=2010 |pmid=20495380 |pmc=3115164 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.8.11772|bibcode=2010PlSiB...5..929R }}</ref><ref name=Thaler2002>{{cite journal |last1=Thaler |first1=Jennifer S. |last2=Karban |first2=Richard |last3=Ullman |first3=Diane E. |last4=Boege |first4=Karina |last5=Bostock |first5=Richard M. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226325654 |title=Cross-talk between jasmonate and salicylate plant defense pathways: effects on several plant parasites |journal=Oecologia |volume=131 |issue=2 |year=2002 |doi=10.1007/s00442-002-0885-9 |pmid=28547690 |pages=227–235|bibcode=2002Oecol.131..227T |s2cid=25912204 }}</ref> The different biochemical pathways are activated by different attacks, and the two pathways can interact positively or negatively. In general, plants can either initiate a specific or a non-specific response.<ref name=Thaler2002/><ref name="Frank_2000">{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=S. A. |url=https://stevefrank.org/reprints-pdf/00JTB-Defense.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010614080530/http://stevefrank.org/reprints-pdf/00JTB-Defense.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2001 |url-status=live |title=Specific and non-specific defense against parasitic attack |journal=J. Theor. Biol. |volume=202 |issue=4 |pages=283–304 |year=2000 |pmid=10666361 |doi=10.1006/jtbi.1999.1054|bibcode=2000JThBi.202..283F |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.7024 }}</ref> Specific responses involve recognition of a parasite by the plant's cellular receptors, leading to a strong but localised response: defensive chemicals are produced around the area where the parasite was detected, blocking its spread, and avoiding wasting defensive production where it is not needed.<ref name="Frank_2000"/> Non-specific defensive responses are systemic, meaning that the responses are not confined to an area of the plant, but spread throughout the plant, making them costly in energy. These are effective against a wide range of parasites.<ref name="Frank_2000"/> When damaged, such as by [[lepidoptera]]n [[caterpillar]]s, leaves of plants including [[maize]] and [[cotton]] release increased amounts of volatile chemicals such as [[terpene]]s that signal they are being attacked; one effect of this is to attract parasitoid wasps, which in turn attack the caterpillars.<ref name="Paré Tumlinson pp. 325–332">{{cite journal |last1=Paré |first1=Paul W. |last2=Tumlinson |first2=James H. |title=Plant Volatiles as a Defense against Insect Herbivores |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=121 |issue=2 |date=1 October 1999|doi=10.1104/pp.121.2.325 |pmid=10517823 |pages=325–332|pmc=1539229 }}</ref>
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