Editing Organ transplantation (section)

== Negative effects of transplantation ==

In 2021, the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] published a report titled ''Exploring the State of the Science of Solid Organ Transplantation and Disability'' which discussed [[quality of life]] after transplantation.<ref name=":1" /> In the chapter about pediatric transplantation, Nitika Gupta, Eyal Shemesh, George Mazariegos, Dorry Segev, and other researchers discuss outcomes in young transplant recipients. Pediatric intestine transplant recipients have poor long-term outcomes with 15% requiring retransplant within 5 years of receiving their first transplant and 40-60% experiencing transplant failure after 10 years.

Pediatric transplant recipients frequently have mental and behavioral problems. As many as one in three adolescent transplant recipients are [[Adherence (medicine)|nonadherenant]] to their medication regimens. [[Adolescence|Adolescent]] [[kidney]] recipients are more likely to be diagnosed with [[mental disorder]]s such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[anxiety]] following transplantation, living with their [[parent]]s and experiencing [[unemployment]] as [[adult]]s, and having [[Academic grading in the United States|poor grades]] in [[school]]. They were also more likely to commit [[suicide]] and [[Substance abuse|abuse substances]]. Dr. Clifford Chin explains his opinion that rather than being a cure, [[heart]] transplantation creates a [[Chronic condition|chronic illness]] with a plethora of adverse [[side effect]]s, such as [[Global developmental delay|developmental delay]], limited ability to participate in everyday activities, and impaired [[cognitive function]], which may suggest an [[arrested development]], but [[hepatologist]] Saeed Mohammad later explains how lack of proper [[oxygen]] levels may effect intellectual ability following the transplant.

Saeed Mohammad also discussed the correlation between [[Child development stages|developmental milestones]] and pediatric transplantation in general. He considers pediatric transplant recipients to be [[chronically ill]], even though the transplants [[cure]]d their illnesses. He explains how children who had received transplants are often underestimated, but also points out that [[Immunosuppression#Deliberately induced|immunosuppressive therapy]] can affect [[brain development]].

Patients who had received liver transplants between the ages of eleven and seventeen had lower survival rates than compared to those who had received liver transplants when they were under five years old, especially if they had their transplant between the ages of sixteen and seventeen. Nitika Gupta, a [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] [[hepatologist]], points out that teenagers' [[brain]]s are still [[Neuroscience|forming and developing]], which can have critical effects on patients. 

It should be pointed out that the researchers refer to pediatric transplant recipients as [[chronically ill]], [[special needs]], and [[Chronic condition|affected by chronic health conditions]], though transplantation is a [[medical operation]], rather than a [[Medical condition|diagnosable condition]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author=National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573870/ |title=Exploring the State of the Science of Solid Organ Transplantation and Disability: Proceedings of a Workshop |date=30 June 2021 |publisher=National Academies Press |others=Ruth Cooper, Megan Snair, Laura Aiuppa Denning, Division, Health and Medicine, Services, Board on Health Care |isbn=978-0-309-68336-4 |location=Washington, D.C}} </ref>

In young [[liver]] transplant recipients, nonadherence was more common in [[girl]]s, patients living in single-parent homes, and patients nineteen and older.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Adolescent non-adherence: prevalence and consequences in liver transplant recipients|date=2006 |pmid=16677353 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16677353/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |last1=Berquist |first1=R. K. |last2=Berquist |first2=W. E. |last3=Esquivel |first3=C. O. |last4=Cox |first4=K. L. |last5=Wayman |first5=K. I. |last6=Litt |first6=I. F. |journal=Pediatric Transplantation |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3046.2005.00451.x }}</ref>