Editing Naval mine (section)

== Damage ==
The damage that may be caused by a mine depends on the "[[shock factor]] value", a combination of the initial strength of the explosion and of the distance between the target and the detonation. When taken in reference to ship hull plating, the term "Hull Shock Factor" (HSF) is used, while keel damage is termed "Keel Shock Factor" (KSF). If the explosion is directly underneath the keel, then HSF is equal to KSF, but explosions that are not directly underneath the ship will have a lower value of KSF.<ref name=Reid1996/>

=== Direct damage ===
Usually only created by contact mines, direct damage is a hole blown in the ship. Among the crew, [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] wounds are the most common form of damage. Flooding typically occurs in one or two main watertight compartments, which can sink smaller ships or disable larger ones. Contact mine damage often occurs at or close to the waterline near the bow,<ref name=Reid1996/> but depending on circumstances a ship could be hit anywhere on its outer hull surface (the {{USS|Samuel B. Roberts|FFG-58|6}} mine attack being a good example of a contact mine detonating amidships and underneath the ship).

=== Bubble jet effect ===
The bubble jet effect occurs when a mine or torpedo detonates in the water a short distance away from the targeted ship. The explosion creates a bubble in the water, and due to the difference in pressure, the bubble will collapse from the bottom. The bubble is buoyant, and so it rises towards the surface. If the bubble reaches the surface as it collapses, it can create a pillar of water that can go over a hundred meters into the air (a "columnar plume"). If conditions are right and the bubble collapses onto the ship's hull, the damage to the ship can be extremely serious; the collapsing bubble forms a high-energy jet similar to a [[shaped charge]] that can break a metre-wide hole straight through the ship, flooding one or more compartments, and is capable of breaking smaller ships apart. The crew in the areas hit by the pillar are usually killed instantly. Other damage is usually limited.<ref name=Reid1996/>

The [[Baengnyeong incident]], in which the [[ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)|ROKS ''Cheonan'']] broke in half and sank off the coast South Korea in 2010, was caused by the bubble jet effect, according to an international investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/20_05_10jigreport.pdf|title=Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS "Cheonan" by The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group|date=20 May 2010|access-date=27 January 2014|work=BBC News|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226101846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/20_05_10jigreport.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/world/asia/26korea.html |title=South Korea Cites Attack in Ship Sinking |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=25 April 2010 |first=Choe |last=Sang-Hun |archive-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428090134/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/world/asia/26korea.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Shock effect ===
If the mine detonates at a distance from the ship, the change in water pressure causes the ship to resonate. This is frequently the most deadly type of explosion, if it is strong enough.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The whole ship is dangerously shaken and everything on board is tossed around. Engines rip from their beds, cables from their holders, etc.{{clarify|date=March 2016}} A badly shaken ship usually sinks quickly, with hundreds, or even thousands{{Example needed|date=March 2016}} of small leaks all over the ship and no way to power the pumps. The crew fare no better, as the violent shaking tosses them around.<ref name=Reid1996>Department of Defence. Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Warren D. Reid, [http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a326738.pdf ''The Response of Surface Ships to Underwater Explosions''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316051208/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a326738.pdf |date=16 March 2022 }} DSTO-GD-0109, September 1996. Ship Structures and Materials Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</ref> This shaking is powerful enough to cause disabling injury to knees and other joints in the body, particularly if the affected person stands on surfaces connected directly to the hull (such as steel decks).

The resulting gas cavitation and [[shock-front]]-differential over the width of the human body is sufficient to stun or kill [[Frogman|divers]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Cudahy, E |author2=Parvin, S |name-list-style=amp |title=The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers. |journal=US Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab Technical Report |volume=NSMRL-1218 |year=2001 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7518 |access-date=2009-03-22 |archive-date=3 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703203738/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7518 |url-status=dead }}</ref>