Editing M1 carbine (section)

==Derivatives, conversions, and commercial copies==
Several companies manufactured copies of the M1 carbine after World War II, which varied in quality. Some companies used a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts, while others manufactured entire firearms from new parts, which may or may not be of the same quality as the originals. These copies were marketed to the general public and police agencies but were not made for or used by the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE M1 CARBINE OWNER'S GUIDE - |url=https://scott-duff.com/product/the-m1-carbine-owners-guide/}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2021}}

In 1963, firearms designer Col. [[Melvin M. Johnson]] developer of the [[M1941 Johnson rifle]] offered the US Military a conversion of original US Military M1 carbines to his new 5.7mm MMJ cartridge, while also introducing a newly manufactured version of the M1 carbine called the "Spitfire" made by his Johnson Arms, Inc. business that was designed and built specifically for this new {{convert|5.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[wildcat cartridge]] (also known as the 5.7&nbsp;mm MMJ or [[.22 Spitfire]]).<ref name="BAR"/>  The Spitfire was advertised firing a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of {{convert|3050|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}, though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 carbine's maximum pressure rating of {{convert|38,500|psi|MPa|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BAR">{{cite book|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780873491785/Cartridges-World-Complete-Illustrated-Reference-0873491785/plp |author1=Barnes, Frank C. |title=Cartridges of the World| location=Iola, WI |publisher=DBI Books Inc. |isbn=978-0-87349-033-7 |edition=6th |date=1997 |pages=52,127}}</ref>  In comparison, the "standard" load for the [[.30 Carbine]] has a .30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains (7.1 g); a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1,990|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}, giving it 967&nbsp;ft⋅lbf (1,311 joules) of energy when fired from the M1 carbine's {{convert|17.75|in|abbr=on}} barrel.<ref name="BAR"/>

Johnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. It provided for light, easily carried ammunition in a light, fast handling carbine with negligible recoil. While the concept had some military application when used for this role in the selective-fire M2 carbine, it was not pursued, and few Spitfire carbines were made.

[[File:M1 carbine kahr.jpg|thumb|left|An Auto-Ordnance AOM-130 carbine manufactured in 2007]]

More recently, the Auto-Ordnance division of [[Kahr Arms]] began production of an M1 carbine replica in 2005 based on the typical M1 carbine as issued in 1944, without the later adjustable sight or barrel band with [[bayonet lug]]. The original Auto-Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM carbine production during World War II but did not manufacture complete carbines until the introduction of this replica. The AOM110 and AOM120 models (no longer produced) featured birch stocks and handguards, [[Parkerizing|Parkerized]] receivers, flip-style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs. The current AOM130 and AOM140 models are identical except for American walnut stocks and handguards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auto-ordnance.com/ao_aom110_f.html|title=Auto-Ordnance M1 Carbines |website=Auto-Ordnance.com |publisher=Kahr Arms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503052627/http://www.auto-ordnance.com/ao_aom110_f.html |archive-date=2006-05-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanrifleman.org/ArticlePage.aspx?id=1699&cid=4|title=M1 Carbine|magazine=American Rifleman|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911131832/http://www.americanrifleman.org/ArticlePage.aspx?id=1699&cid=4|archive-date=11 September 2011}}</ref>

In 2014, Inland Manufacturing, LLC in Dayton, Ohio introduced the reproduction of the "Inland M1 carbine". Inland Manufacturing, LLC is a private entity that is producing reproductions of the M1 carbine and M1A1 paratrooper models that were built by the original Inland Division of General Motors from 1941 to 1945. The new Inland M1 carbines feature many of the same characteristics of the original Inland carbines and are manufactured in the US. The M1 carbine is modeled after the last production model that Inland manufactured in 1945 and features a Type 3 bayonet lug and barrel band, adjustable rear sights, push button safety, round bolt, and "low wood" walnut stock, and a 15-round magazine. A 30-round mag catch was utilized to allow high-capacity magazines. A "1944" M1 carbine is also available that has the same features as the 1945 only with a Type 2 barrel Band and 10-round magazine and is available for sale in most states with magazine capacity and bayonet lug restrictions. The M1A1 is modeled after a late production 1944 M1A1 paratrooper model with a folding "low wood" walnut stock, Type two barrel band, and includes the same adjustable sights which were actually introduced in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/inland-manufacturing-m1-carbines|title=Inland Manufacturing Releases 'American Classic' M1 Carbines|author=Robert A. Sadowski|work=Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun News and Gun Reviews|access-date=29 October 2015|date=2014-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409035941/https://www.tactical-life.com/guns/inland-manufacturing-m1-carbines/|archive-date= 9 April 2023}}</ref>

An Israeli arms company (Advanced Combat Systems) offers a modernized [[bullpup]] variant called the Hezi SM-1. The company claims accuracy of 1.5 [[Minute of Arc|MOA]] at {{convert|100|yd}}.<ref name=
"Hezi_SM-1">{{cite web|url=http://securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/2800/2803.htm|title=ACS (ADVANCED COMBAT SYSTEMS Ltd.) Hezi SM-1|date=15 March 2001 |website= SecurityArms.com |access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405200655/http://securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/2800/2803.htm|archive-date= 5 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Commercial manufacturers ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Universal Arms, M1 Enforcer.jpg|upright=0.45|thumb|Universal Enforcer in .30 carbine]]
* Alpine of Azusa, California<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_alpine.html|title=Alpine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405200700/http://www.m1carbinesinc.com/carbine_alpine.html|archive-date= 5 April 2023}}</ref>
* AMAC of Jacksonville, Arkansas (acquired Iver Johnson Arms)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_amac.html|title=AMAC M1 Carbine|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202204/http://www.m1carbinesinc.com/carbine_amac.html|archive-date= 5 April 2023}}</ref>
* AMPCO of Miami, Florida<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_ampco.html|title=AMPRO|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Auto-Ordnance
* Bullseye Gun Works of Miami, Florida<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_bullseye.html|title=Bullseye Gun Works|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|location=Miami, Florida |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* ERMA's Firearms Manufacturing of Steelville, Missouri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_ermas.html|title=Erma's Firearms Manufacturing Co |publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Erma Werke]] of Dachau, Bavaria, serviced carbines used by the West German police post World War II. Manufactured replacement parts for the same carbines. Manufactured .22 replica carbines for use as training rifles for police in West Germany and Austria and for commercial export worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.BavarianM1Carbines.com|title=U.S. Carbines during the American Occupation of Germany and Austria|website=Bavarian M1 Carbines.com|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407085230/http://www.bavarianm1carbines.com/|archive-date= 7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_em1.html|title=Erma WerkeThe ERMA-Werke Model E M1 .22 LR Self-Loading Rimfire Rifle|website=ERMA-Werke |location=Dachau, Bavaria|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Federal Ordnance of South El Monte, California<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_fedord.html|title=Federal Ordnance|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Fulton Armory of Savage, Maryland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulton-armory.com/m1-carbine.aspx|title=The Fulton Armory M1 Carbine |work=Fulton Armory|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Global Arms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_global.html|title=Global Arms|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* H&S of Plainfield, New Jersey (Haas & Storck, predecessor of Plainfield Machine)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_hs.html|title=H&S M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Howa]] of Nagoya, Japan, made carbines and parts for the post-World War II Japanese and Thai militaries, and limited numbers of a hunting rifle version<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_howa.html|title=HOWA M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Inland Manufacturing of Dayton, Ohio<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inland-mfg.com/About-Inland/about-Inland.html|title=About Inland Manufacturing|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Israel Arms International (IAI) of Houston, Texas, assembled carbines from parts from other sources<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_iai.html|title=Israel Arms International|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* The [[Iver Johnson]] Arms of Plainfield, New Jersey, and later Jacksonville, Arkansas, acquired M1 carbine operations of Plainfield Machine and followed the lead of Universal in producing a pistol version called the "Enforcer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_ij.html|title=Iver Johnson Arms|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Johnston-Tucker of St. Louis, Missouri<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_johstontucker.html |title=Johnston-Tucker M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Millvile Ordnance (MOCO) of Union, New Jersey (predecessor of H&S)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_millville.html|title=Millville Ordnance Company|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* National Ordnance of Azusa, California, and later South El Monte, California<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_natord.html|title=National Ordnance M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* NATO of Atlanta, Georgia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_nato.html|title=NATO M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Plainfield Machine Company of Plainfield, New Jersey, and later Middlesex, New Jersey (PO Box in Dunellen, New Jersey); M1 carbine manufacture later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_plainfield.html|title=Plainfield Machine Co.|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Rock Island Armory of Geneseo, Illinois<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_ria.html |title=Rock Island Armory M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.) }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Rowen, Becker Company of Waterville, Ohio<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_rb.html |title=Rowen Becker M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.) }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Springfield Armory of Geneseo, Illinois<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_springfield.html|title=Springfield Armory, Inc.|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Texas Armament Co. of Brownwood, Texas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_texarm.html |title=Texas Armaments M1 Carbine|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH of Kugstein, Austria, manufactured an air rifle that looked and operated like the M1 carbine for use in training by Austria and West Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_tyrol.html|title=Tiroler Sportwaffenfabrik und Apparatenbau GmbH|website=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.) |location=Kufstein, Austria| access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
* Universal Firearms of [[Hialeah]], Florida – early Universal guns were, like other manufacturers, assembled from USGI parts. However, beginning in 1968, the company began producing the "new carbine", which externally resembled the M1 but was in fact a completely new firearm internally, using a different receiver, bolt carrier, bolt, recoil spring assembly, etc. with almost no interchangeability with GI-issue carbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_universal.html|title=Universal Firearms Corp.|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>{{clear}}  Universal was acquired by Iver Johnson in 1983 and moved to Jacksonville, AR in 1985.
* Williams Gun Sight of Davison, Michigan produced a series of 50 sporterized M1 carbines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.M1CarbinesInc.com/carbine_williams.html|title=Williams Gun Sight M1 Carbines|publisher=Post WWII Commercially Manufactured M1 Carbines (U.S.A.)|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

===Derivatives===
====Ingram SAM====
The [[Military Armament Corporation|Ingram]] SAM rifles are M1 carbine derivatives in [[5.56×45mm NATO]] (SAM-1), [[7.62×39mm]] (SAM-2) and [[7.62×51mm NATO]] (SAM-3). The 5.56×45mm versions accept M16 magazines, the 7.62×39mm accept AK magazines and the 7.62×51mm versions use FN FAL magazines. They did not catch on in competition against the Ruger Mini-14 in both the police and civilian markets. The Ingram SAM rifles are occasionally found on auction sites for collectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/03/18/inside-ingram-sam-gunlab/|publisher=The Firearm Blog|title=Inside the Ingram SAM, at Gunlab|last=F.|first=Nathaniel|date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212230439/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/03/18/inside-ingram-sam-gunlab/|archive-date= 12 February 2023}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2015/02/13/short-stroke-history-tappet-operation-part-iv-post-war-tappets/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/gordon-ingrams-westarm-308-battle-rifle/|publisher=[[Forgotten Weapons]]|title=Gordon Ingram's Westarm .308 Battle Rifle|last=McCollum|first=Ian|date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228023357/https://www.forgottenweapons.com/gordon-ingrams-westarm-308-battle-rifle/|archive-date= 28 February 2023}}</ref>

====9×19mm Parabellum====
Iver Johnson's 9×19mm Parabellum carbine was introduced in 1985 until 1986 using modified Browning High Power 20-round magazines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m1carbinesinc.com/carbine_ij9mm.html|title=Iver Johnson Arms: The 9mm Parabellum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201021238/http://www.m1carbinesinc.com/carbine_ij9mm.html|archive-date= 1 February 2022}}</ref>

[[Chiappa Firearms]] produces a 9mm M1 carbine derivative called the M1-9 which uses [[Beretta 92|Beretta M9/92FS]] magazines. The Chiappa is not [[Gas-operated reloading#Short-stroke fixed|gas operated]] and instead relies on [[Blowback (firearms)|blowback]] operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chiappafirearms.com/family.php?id=32|title=M1-9|access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref>