Editing London Underground (section)

===Ticketing===
{{Main|London Underground ticketing}}
[[File:Oystercard.jpg|thumb|The [[Oyster card]], a contactless smart card used across the London transport system]]
The Underground received £2.669billion in fares in 2016/17 and uses Transport for London's [[London fare zones|zonal fare system]] to calculate fares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/tfl-annual-report-and-statement-of-accounts-2016-17.pdf|title=TfL Statement of Accounts}}</ref> There are nine zones with zone 1 being the central zone, which includes the loop of the Circle line with a few stations to the south of River Thames. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond [[Moor Park tube station|Moor Park]], outside [[Greater London|London region]]. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies.<ref name="Rail&TubeMap">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/london-rail-and-tube-services-map.pdf |title=London Rail & Tube Services Map |publisher=Transport for London |date=May 2014 |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703173535/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/london-rail-and-tube-services-map.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Paper tickets, the contactless [[Oyster cards]], contactless debit or credit cards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/how-to-use-it |title=Fares & payments – Contactless |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312064327/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/how-to-use-it |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Apple Pay]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite press release|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2015/june/tfl-to-accept-apple-pay-on-public-transport|title=TfL to accept Apple Pay on public transport|agency=Transport for London|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510095115/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2015/june/tfl-to-accept-apple-pay-on-public-transport|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Android Pay]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite press release|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/may/android-pay-accepted-for-pay-as-you-go-travel-in-london|title=Android Pay accepted for pay as you go travel in London|agency=Transport for London|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510042700/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/may/android-pay-accepted-for-pay-as-you-go-travel-in-london|url-status=live}}</ref> smartphones and watches can be used for travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/other-methods-of-contactless-payment/apple-pay |title=Fares & payments – Contactless – Apple Pay |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413013641/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/other-methods-of-contactless-payment/apple-pay |archive-date=13 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Single and return tickets are available in either format, but [[Travelcards]] (season tickets) for longer than a day are available only on Oyster cards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/where-can-i-buy-my-ticket.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401163150/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/where-can-i-buy-my-ticket.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2014 |title=Where can I buy my ticket? |publisher=Transport for London |date=January 2012 |access-date=18 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/fares |title=Fares & payments – Fares – Tube, DLR and London Overground |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621070430/http://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/fares |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/ticket-types |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015613/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/ticket-types |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Fares & payments – Ticket types |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=18 June 2014 }}</ref>

TfL introduced the [[Oyster card]] in 2003; this is a pre-payment [[smartcard]] with an embedded contactless [[RFID]] chip.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3032226.stm |work=BBC News |title=Travelcards make way for 'oyster' |date=30 June 2003 |access-date=7 March 2012 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215110500/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3032226.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It can be loaded with Travelcards and used on the Underground, the Overground, buses, trams, the Docklands Light Railway, and National Rail services within London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tickets/getting-around-with-oyster-january-2010.pdf |title=Getting around with Oyster |date=January 2010 |publisher=Transport for London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926104737/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tickets/getting-around-with-oyster-january-2010.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fares for single journeys are cheaper than paper tickets, and a daily cap limits the total cost in a day to the price of a Day Travelcard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/oyster/using-oyster/price-capping |title=Fares & payments – Oyster – Using your Oyster card – Capping |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612064414/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/oyster/using-oyster/price-capping |url-status=live }}</ref> The Oyster card must be 'touched in' at the start and end of a journey, otherwise it is regarded as 'incomplete' and the maximum fare is charged.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/oyster/using-oyster/incomplete-journeys |title=Fares & payments – Oyster – Using your Oyster card – Incomplete journeys |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=5 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605203634/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/oyster/using-oyster/incomplete-journeys |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was £66.5million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Dick |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/the-665million-cost-of-not-touching-out-your-oyster-card-7543276.html |title=The £66.5million cost of not touching out your Oyster card |newspaper=London Evening Standard |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327235859/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/the-665million-cost-of-not-touching-out-your-oyster-card-7543276.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards.<ref name=":1" /> The Underground first started accepting [[Contactless payment|contactless]] [[Debit card|debit]] and [[credit card]]s in September 2014.<ref name=":0" /> This was followed by the adoption of [[Apple Pay]] in 2015<ref name=":2" /> and Android Pay in 2016,<ref name=":3" /> allowing payment using a contactless-enabled phone or smartwatch. Over 500million journeys have taken place using contactless payments, and TfL has become one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on the TfL network.<ref name=":1" /> This technology, developed in-house by TfL,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/londons-contactless-system-to-power-new-yorks-subway-bus-and-rail-journeys/|title=London's contactless fares system to power New York's subway, bus and rail journeys|date=25 October 2017|work=MayorWatch|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918193222/https://www.mayorwatch.co.uk/londons-contactless-system-to-power-new-yorks-subway-bus-and-rail-journeys/|url-status=live}}</ref> has been licensed to other major cities like [[New York City Subway|New York City]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html|title=New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares|last=Barron|first=James|date=23 October 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 November 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023235701/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|Boston]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/11/19/the-mbta-has-million-plan-change-way-you-pay-for-rides/f1QQZDfPHnozcyBGyHSWPI/story.html|title=The MBTA has a $723 million plan to change the way you pay for rides |newspaper=The Boston Globe|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510114119/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/11/19/the-mbta-has-million-plan-change-way-you-pay-for-rides/f1QQZDfPHnozcyBGyHSWPI/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/services/freedompass/ |title=Freedom Pass |publisher=London Councils |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319014241/http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/services/freedompass/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Residents born before 1951 were eligible after their 60th birthday, whereas those born in 1955 will need to wait until they are 66.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/London%20Councils/FreedomPassAgeChangeNov2011AWebsite.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901005157/http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/London%20Councils/FreedomPassAgeChangeNov2011AWebsite.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2012 |title=Freedom Pass age change |publisher=London Councils |date=November 2011 |access-date=30 March 2013 }}</ref> Called a "[[Freedom Pass]]", it allows free travel on TfL-operated routes at all times and is valid on some National Rail services within London at weekends and after 09:30 on Monday to Friday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/London%20Councils/FreedomPassMapDecember12%20(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525040428/http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/London%20Councils/FreedomPassMapDecember12%20%282%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2013 |title=Freedom Pass Map |publisher=London Councils |date=December 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 }}</ref> Since 2010, the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder's photograph; it lasts five years between renewals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Directory/Health_and_Social_Care/Community_Transport/Freedom_Passes/15854_Freedom_Passes.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513030317/http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Directory/Health_and_Social_Care/Community_Transport/Freedom_Passes/15854_Freedom_Passes.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2006 |title=Freedom passes |date=17 November 2010 |publisher=London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham |access-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>

In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a [[proof-of-payment]] system. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster card readers. Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a [[penalty fare]] of £80 (£40 if paid within 21days) and can be prosecuted for [[fare evasion]] under the [[Regulation of Railways Act 1889]] and Transport for London Byelaws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/revenue-enforcement-and-prosecutions-policy.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023001/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/revenue-enforcement-and-prosecutions-policy.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 November 2015 |title=Revenue Enforcement and Prosecutions Policy |publisher=Transport for London |date=18 August 2014 |access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/penalties-and-enforcement |title=Penalties & enforcement |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101055245/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/penalties-and-enforcement |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>