Editing Jurassic (section)

=== Amphibians ===
[[File:Karaurus sharovi.JPG|thumb|upright|Skeleton of ''[[Karaurus|Karaurus sharovi]],'' a stem-group salamander from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan|alt=Topside view of a salamander skeleton]]
The diversity of [[Temnospondyli|temnospondyls]] had progressively declined through the Late Triassic, with only [[Brachyopoidea|brachyopoids]] surviving into the Jurassic and beyond.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lucas|first=Spencer G.|title=Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapods: Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Biotic Events|date=2018|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_10|work=The Late Triassic World|series=Topics in Geobiology|volume=46|pages=351–405|editor-last=Tanner|editor-first=Lawrence H.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_10|isbn=978-3-319-68008-8|access-date=2021-04-25}}</ref> Members of the family [[Brachyopidae]] are known from Jurassic deposits in Asia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Averianov|first1=Alexander O.|last2=Martin|first2=Thomas|last3=Skutschas|first3=Pavel P. |last4=Rezvyi|first4=Anton S.|last5=Bakirov|first5=Aizek A.|title=Amphibians from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)|date=March 2008 |journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=471–485|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00748.x |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..471A |doi-access=free}}</ref> while the [[Chigutisauridae|chigutisaurid]] ''[[Siderops]]'' is known from the Early Jurassic of Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=A. A.|last2=Hutchinson|first2=M. N.|last3=Hill|first3=Dorothy|date=1983-09-13|title=The last Labyrinthodont? A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1983.0080|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences|volume=303|issue=1113|pages=1–62|doi=10.1098/rstb.1983.0080|bibcode=1983RSPTB.303....1W}}</ref> Modern [[lissamphibia]]ns began to diversify during the Jurassic. The Early Jurassic ''[[Prosalirus]]'' thought to represent the first frog relative with a morphology capable of hopping like living frogs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reilly|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Jorgensen|first2=Michael E.|date=February 2011 |title=The evolution of jumping in frogs: Morphological evidence for the basal anuran locomotor condition and the radiation of locomotor systems in crown group anurans |journal=Journal of Morphology|language=en|volume=272|issue=2|pages=149–168|doi=10.1002/jmor.10902 |pmid=21210487 |s2cid=14217777}}</ref> Morphologically recognisable stem-frogs like the South American ''[[Notobatrachus]]'' are known from the Middle Jurassic,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Báez|first1=Ana Maria|last2=Nicoli|first2=Laura|date=March 2008|title=A new species of Notobatrachus (Amphibia, Salientia) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-117.1|journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=82|issue=2|pages=372–376|doi=10.1666/06-117.1|bibcode=2008JPal...82..372B |s2cid=130032431|issn=0022-3360|hdl=11336/135748|hdl-access=free}}</ref> with modern crown-group frogs like ''[[Enneabatrachus]]'' and ''[[Rhadinosteus]]'' appearing by the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marjanović |first1=David |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |date=2014-07-04 |title=An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2013.797972 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.797972 |bibcode=2014HBio...26..535M |s2cid=84581331 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> While the earliest salamander-line amphibians are known from the Triassic,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schoch|first1=Rainer R. |last2=Werneburg|first2=Ralf|last3=Voigt|first3=Sebastian|date=2020-05-26|title=A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=117|issue=21|pages=11584–11588|doi=10.1073/pnas.2001424117 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=7261083|pmid=32393623|bibcode=2020PNAS..11711584S |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[crown group]] salamanders first appear during the Middle to Late Jurassic in Eurasia, alongside stem-group relatives. Many Jurassic stem-group salamanders, such as ''[[Marmorerpeton]]'' and ''[[Kokartus]]'', are thought to have been [[Neoteny|neotenic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skutschas|first1=Pavel|last2=Stein|first2=Koen |date=April 2015|title=Long bone histology of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan |journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=226|issue=4|pages=334–347|doi=10.1111/joa.12281|pmc=4386933|pmid=25682890}}</ref> Early representatives of crown group salamanders include ''[[Chunerpeton]], [[Pangerpeton]]'' and ''[[Linglongtriton]]'' from the Middle to Late Jurassic [[Yanliao Biota]] of China. Some of these are suggested to belong to [[Cryptobranchoidea]], which contains living [[Asiatic salamander|Asiatic]] and [[giant salamander]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jia|first1=Jia|last2=Gao|first2=Ke-Qin|date=2019-03-04|title=A new stem hynobiid salamander (Urodela, Cryptobranchoidea) from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) of Liaoning Province, China |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1588285|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=e1588285|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1588285|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E8285J |s2cid=164310171|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> ''[[Beiyanerpeton]]'', and ''[[Qinglongtriton]]'' from the same biota are thought to be early members of [[Salamandroidea]], the group which contains all other living salamanders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=K.-Q.|last2=Shubin|first2=N. H. |date=2012-04-10|title=Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en|volume=109|issue=15|pages=5767–5772|doi=10.1073/pnas.1009828109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3326464|pmid=22411790|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.5767G |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jia|first1=Jia|last2=Gao|first2=Ke-Qin|date=2016-05-04|title=A New Basal Salamandroid (Amphibia, Urodela) from the Late Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=e0153834 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153834|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4856324|pmid=27144770|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1153834J|doi-access=free}}</ref> Salamanders dispersed into North America by the end of the Jurassic, as evidenced by ''[[Iridotriton]]'', found in the Late Jurassic [[Morrison Formation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=S. E.|last2=Lally|first2=C.|last3=Chure|first3=D. C.|last4=Elder|first4=A.|last5=Maisano|first5=J. A. |year=2005 |title=A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=599–616 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00159.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> The stem-[[caecilian]] ''[[Eocaecilia]]'' is known from the Early Jurassic of Arizona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Rodolfo Otávio|last2=Laurin|first2=Michel |last3=Zaher|first3=Hussam|date=2020-11-03|title=A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=131|issue=4|language=en|pages=737–755 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blaa148|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> The fourth group of lissamphibians, the extinct salamander-like [[Albanerpetontidae|albanerpetontids]], first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, represented by ''[[Anoualerpeton|Anoualerpeton priscus]]'' from the Bathonian of Britain, as well as indeterminate remains from equivalently aged sediments in France and the [[Anoual Formation]] of Morocco.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haddoumi|first1=Hamid|last2=Allain|first2=Ronan|last3=Meslouh|first3=Said|last4=Metais|first4=Grégoire|last5=Monbaron |first5=Michel|last6=Pons|first6=Denise|last7=Rage|first7=Jean-Claude|last8=Vullo|first8=Romain|last9=Zouhri|first9=Samir|date=January 2016 |title=Guelb el Ahmar (Bathonian, Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco): First continental flora and fauna including mammals from the Middle Jurassic of Africa|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/258861/files/mon_gab.pdf|journal=Gondwana Research|volume=29|issue=1|pages=290–319 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2014.12.004|bibcode=2016GondR..29..290H|issn=1342-937X}}</ref>[[File:Henkeloth.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Henkelotherium]],'' a likely arboreal dyolestoid from the Late Jurassic of Portugal]]