Editing Italy (section)

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Italian philosophy}}
Italian philosophy had an influence on [[Western philosophy]], beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and Renaissance humanism, the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and [[modern philosophy]].<ref name="Garin">{{Cite book|last=Garin|first=Eugenio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC|title=History of Italian Philosophy|publisher=VIBS|year=2008|isbn=978-9-0420-2321-5}}</ref> Formal philosophy was introduced to Italy by [[Pythagoras]], founder of the Italian school of philosophy in [[Crotone]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herodotus|title=The Histories|publisher=Penguin Classics|page=226}}</ref> Italian philosophers of the Greek period include [[Xenophanes]], [[Parmenides]], and [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]]. Roman philosophers include [[Cicero]], [[Lucretius]], [[Seneca the Younger]], [[Plutarch]], [[Epictetus]], [[Marcus Aurelius]], and [[Augustine of Hippo]].<ref name=Garin/>

[[File:Famous Italian philosophers.jpg|thumb|Clockwise from top left: [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], theologian;<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Thomas Aquinas {{!}} Biography, Philosophy, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas|access-date=20 January 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[cosmologist]];<ref>Gatti, Hilary. ''Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power''. Cornell University Press, 2002, 1. {{ISBN|0-8014-8785-4}}.</ref> [[Cesare Beccaria|Beccaria]], [[criminologist]];<ref name="Hostettler-2011">{{Cite book|last=Hostettler|first=John|title=Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments'|date=2011|publisher=Waterside Press|isbn=978-1-9043-8063-4|location=Hampshire|page=160}}</ref> and [[Maria Montessori|Montessori]], of [[Montessori education]]<ref name="Montessori">{{Cite web|title=Introduction to Montessori Method|url=https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/Introduction-to-Montessori|publisher=American Montessori Society}}</ref>]]
Italian medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included theologians such as [[Thomas Aquinas]], a classical proponent of [[natural theology]], who reintroduced [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian philosophy]] to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blair|first=Peter|title=Reason and Faith: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas|url=http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913011656/http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125|archive-date=13 September 2013|access-date=18 December 2013|website=The Dartmouth Apologia}}</ref> Renaissance philosophers include: [[Giordano Bruno]], a major scientific figure of the West; [[Marsilio Ficino]], a humanist philosopher; and [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], a founder of modern [[political science]]. Machiavelli's most famous work is ''[[The Prince]]'', whose contribution to political thought is the fundamental break between political [[idealism]] and [[Realism (international relations)|realism]].<ref>Moschovitis Group Inc, Christian D. Von Dehsen and Scott L. Harris, ''Philosophers and religious leaders'', (The Oryx Press, 1999), 117.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Enlightenment throughout Europe|url=http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm|archive-date=23 January 2013|access-date=12 December 2017|website=International World History Project}}</ref> University cities such as Padua, Bologna, and Naples remained centres of scholarship, with philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]].<ref name="maritain.nd.edu">{{Cite web|title=History of Philosophy 70|url=http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=12 December 2017|website=maritain.nd.edu}}</ref> [[Cesare Beccaria]] was a significant Enlightenment figure and a father of [[Classical school (criminology)|classical criminal theory]] and [[penology]].<ref name="Hostettler-2011"/>

Italy had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with [[idealism]], [[sensism]], and [[empiricism]].<ref name="maritain.nd.edu"/> During the late 19th and 20th centuries, there were other movements that gained popularity, such as [[Ontologism]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scarangello|first=Anthony|year=1964|title=Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=4|issue=4|pages=232–250|doi=10.2307/367499|jstor=367499|s2cid=147563567}}</ref> [[Anarchism in Italy|anarchism]], communism, socialism, futurism, fascism, and Christian democracy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pernicone|first=Nunzio|title=Italian Anarchism 1864–1892 |publisher=AK Press|year=2009|pages=111–113}}</ref> [[Antonio Gramsci]] remains a relevant philosopher within communist theory, credited with creating the theory of [[cultural hegemony]]. Italian philosophers were influential in development of the non-Marxist [[liberal socialism]] philosophy. In the 1960s, left-wing activists adopted the [[anti-authoritarian]] pro-working class theories that became known as [[autonomism]] and [[workerism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Balestrini|first1=Nanni|title=L'orda d'oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale |last2=Moroni|first2=Primo|publisher=SugarCo|year=1997|isbn=8-8078-1462-5}}</ref>

[[Feminism in Italy|Italian feminists]] include [[Sibilla Aleramo]], [[Alaide Gualberta Beccari]], and [[Anna Maria Mozzoni]], and proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by Italian writers. Italian educator [[Maria Montessori]] created the [[Montessori education|philosophy of education that bears her name]].<ref name=Montessori/> [[Giuseppe Peano]] was a founder of analytic philosophy and the contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Analytic philosophers include [[Carlo Penco]], [[Gloria Origgi]], [[Pieranna Garavaso]], and [[Luciano Floridi]].<ref name=Garin/>