Editing Iran (section)

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Iran}}
[[File:Diplomatic relations of Iran.svg|thumb|Nations with which Iran has diplomatic relations]]
Iran maintains diplomatic relations with [[Foreign relations of Iran|165 countries]], but not the United States and [[Israel]]—a state which Iran derecognised in 1979.<ref name="MousavianShahidsaless2014">{{cite book |author1=Seyed Hossein Mousavian |author2=Shahir Shahidsaless |title=Iran and the United States: An Insider's View on the Failed Past and the Road to Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppe9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |year=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-62892-870-9 |page=33}}</ref>

Iran has an [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict|adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia]] due to different political ideologies. [[Iran–Turkey relations|Iran and Turkey]] have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in [[Syria]], [[Libya]], and the [[South Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qaed |first=Anas Al |date=25 September 2023 |title=Unseen Tensions: The Undercurrents of Iran-Turkey Relations in the South Caucasus |url=https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Gulf International Forum |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cold War Between Turkey and Iran – Foreign Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=www.fpri.org |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Turkish and Iranian Involvement in Iraq and Syria |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria |access-date=1 May 2024 |journal=SWP Comment |date=2022 |language=de |doi=10.18449/2022c58 |last1=Azizi |first1=Hamidreza |last2=اevik |first2=Salim |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria |url-status=live}}</ref> However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish separatism]] and the [[Qatar diplomatic crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Iran and Turkey Agree on Opposing Kurdish Independence, but Not Much More |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=FDD |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five things to know about the blockade against Qatar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430114242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran has a close and strong relationship with [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Phase in Cooperation between Tajikistan and Iran |url=https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328203848/https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Rollie |title=Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors |date=2006 |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-3878-4 |pages=11–18 |jstor=10.7249/mg440af.10 |jstor-access=free |chapter=Iran |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG440.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=uz |first=Daryo |date=11 June 2023 |title=Iranian President to visit to Tajikistan to bolster bilateral relations |url=https://daryo.uz/en/2023/11/06/iranian-president-to-visit-to-tajikistan-to-bolster-bilateral-relations |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Daryo.uz |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112629/https://daryo.uz/en/2023/11/06/iranian-president-to-visit-to-tajikistan-to-bolster-bilateral-relations |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2011 |title=Iran Extends Influence in Central Asia's Tajikistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/article--iran-extends-influence-in-central-asias-tajikistan-133111348/168606.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521202950/https://www.voanews.com/a/article--iran-extends-influence-in-central-asias-tajikistan-133111348/168606.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 

Iran formed the [[Axis of Resistance]], it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.<ref name="Hubbard-2024">{{Cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Rubin |first2=Alissa J. |date=30 September 2024 |title=Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="AlKassab-2023">{{Cite news |last=Al-Kassab |first=Fatima |date=26 October 2023 |title=What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East? |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183838/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref> It most notably includes the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq|Islamic Resistance]] and [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] in [[Iraq]], and the [[Houthi movement]] in [[Yemen]].{{efn|Officially the Ansar Allah, ''de facto'' government in Northwestern Yemen since 28 July 2016 under the [[Supreme Political Council]].}} It sometimes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/07/flexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties?lang=en&center=middle-east |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron? |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/what-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> includes [[Hamas]],{{efn|Officially the Islamic Resistance Movement, ''de facto'' government of the [[Gaza Strip]] since [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|15 June 2007]].}} and a variety of [[Palestinian political violence|other Palestinian militant groups]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title=Iran backs Assad as Syrian forces choke off Aleppo |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127053526/http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=7 August 2012 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title=Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921050037/https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/ |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=7 August 2012 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with Iraq, Lebanon, and was with Syria, which was described as Iran's "closest ally".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bakri |first=Nada |date=27 August 2011 |title=Iran Calls on Syria to Recognize Citizens' Demands |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302112046/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria and Iran: What's Behind the Enduring Alliance? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/syria-and-iran-whats-behind-the-enduring-alliance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/syria-and-iran-whats-behind-the-enduring-alliance/ |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Holly |date=29 August 2013 |title=Syria allies: Why Russia, Iran and China are standing by the regime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/index.html |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in Syria, a close ally of Iran, was a severe setback for the political influence of Iran in the region.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2024 |title=Assad regime's collapse is a devastating defeat for Iran |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/assad-regimes-collapse-devastating-defeat-iran-rcna183369 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg|thumb|The building of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], which extensively uses [[Achaemenid architecture]] in its facade, [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]]]

[[Russia]] is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Iran and Russia can dodge Western sanctions – DW – 04/26/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-iran-and-russia-can-dodge-western-sanctions/a-68928255 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430234742/https://www.dw.com/en/why-iran-and-russia-can-dodge-western-sanctions/a-68928255 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2024 |title=Iran, Russia discuss developing oil, gas fields |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/212563/Iran-Russia-discuss-developing-oil-gas-fields |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Mehr News Agency |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/212563/Iran-Russia-discuss-developing-oil-gas-fields |url-status=live}}</ref> Both share a close economic and military alliance, and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US asks Iran to stop selling drones to Russia |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c237c531-a51e-4205-a934-0a13e0a50482 |access-date=1 May 2024 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517223516/https://www.ft.com/content/c237c531-a51e-4205-a934-0a13e0a50482 |url-status=live |last1=England |first1=Andrew |last2=Schwartz |first2=Felicia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |date=25 July 2023 |title=Iran helping Russia build drone stockpile that is expected to be 'orders of magnitude larger' than previous arsenal, US says {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/politics/us-russia-iran-drones/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430192702/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/politics/us-russia-iran-drones/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Timeline: Iran-Russia Collaboration on Drones |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501095358/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iddon |first=Paul |title=Iran Might Receive Its First Su-35 Flanker Fighters From Russia Next Week |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2024/04/20/iran-might-receive-its-first-su-35-flanker-fighters-from-russia-next-week/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2024/04/20/iran-might-receive-its-first-su-35-flanker-fighters-from-russia-next-week/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]], the Russia-based international treaty organisation that parallels [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valvo |first=Giovanni |date=14 December 2012 |title=Syria, Iran And The Future Of The CSTO – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/14122012-syria-iran-and-the-future-of-the-csto-analysis/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509095412/https://www.eurasiareview.com/14122012-syria-iran-and-the-future-of-the-csto-analysis/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Relations between Iran and [[China]] are strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a [[Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program|25-year cooperation agreement]] that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include "political, strategic and economic" components.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2021 |title=Iran-China to sign 25-year cooperation pact: Tehran |url=https://arab.news/9v6ju |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> [[China–Iran relations|Iran-China relations]] dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garver |first=John W. |date=11 December 2006 |title=Twenty Centuries of Friendly Cooperation: The Sino-Iranian Relationship |url=https://www.theglobalist.com/twenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The Globalist |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529201451/http://www.theglobalist.com/twenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishberg |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfIQnqoQz0oC&pg=PA233 |title=Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews |date=1907 |publisher=New Era Print. Company |language=en}}</ref> Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Shirzad |date=2012 |title=Iran and the Two Koreas: A Peculiar Pattern of Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of East Asian Affairs |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–192 |jstor=23595522}}</ref>

Iran is a member of dozens of international organisations, including the [[Group of 15|G-15]], [[Group of 24|G-24]], [[Group of 77|G-77]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], and the [[United Nations|UN]], and currently has observer status at the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].