Editing History of the Philippines (section)

== The First Philippine Republic (1899–1901) ==
[[File:Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1898).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]], President of the [[First Philippine Republic]]]]
On January 23, 1899, the [[First Philippine Republic]] was proclaimed under Asia's first democratic constitution, with Aguinaldo as its president.<ref name="pinas" /> Under Aguinaldo, The [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] was also renowned to be racially tolerant and progressive as it had a multi-ethnic composition that included various other races and nationalities asides from the native Filipino,<ref name=filipinoterm /> being its officers. [[Juan Cailles]] an Indian and French Mestizo served as a [[Major General]],<ref name=Foreman>{{cite book|last=Foreman|first=J.|year=1906|title=The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|page=507}}</ref> the Chinese Filipino [[José Ignacio Paua]] was a [[Brigadier General]],<ref>[http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/10/906952/gen.-jose-paua-chinese-philippine-revolution Gen. Jose Paua, the Chinese in Philippine revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014234744/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/10/906952/gen.-jose-paua-chinese-philippine-revolution |date=October 14, 2017 }} by Raymund Catindig (The Philippine Star)</ref> and [[Vicente Catalan]] who was appointed supreme Admiral of the Philippine Revolutionary Navy was a Cuban of Criollo descent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://philippinenavy.tripod.com/history.html| title = History of the Philippine Navy| access-date = May 7, 2020| archive-date = August 21, 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180821181325/http://philippinenavy.tripod.com/history.html| url-status = live}}</ref> There were even Japanese, French and Italian soldiers in the Revolution and Republic, such as the Japanese officer Captain Chizuno Iwamoto, French soldier Estaquio Castellor, and Italian revolutionary Captain [[Camillo Ricchiardi]]. And, even among the defeated Spanish Army and American invaders, [[Philippine Revolutionary Army#Notable officers and servicemen and their ethnic background|there are those who defected to the side of the Philippine Republic]]. The most famous of which was African-American Captain [[David Fagen]] who joined the Filipinos due to his disgust of American racism against both African-Americans and Filipinos. Various nations, mostly Latin American, also influenced the new Republic, the Sun in the Philippine flag was taken from the [[Sun of May]] of [[Peru]], [[Argentina]], and [[Uruguay]] which symbolized Inti who was the Incan Sun God, while the stars in the flag were inspired by the stars in the flags of the nations of [[Texas]], [[Cuba]], and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-flag/|title=The Philippine flag|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=February 9, 2022|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406081842/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-flag/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Constitution of the First Philippine Republic was also influenced by the Constitutions of [[Cuba]], [[Belgium]], [[Mexico]], [[Brazil]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Guatemala]], in addition to using the [[French Constitution of 1793]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901)|url=https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu|year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|page=Appendix I, p. 17}}</ref>

[[File:Bandera 03.jpg|thumb|right|An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries.]]Despite the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] to end the Spanish–American War. The Filipino representative, [[Felipe Agoncillo]], had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo's government was not recognized by the family of nations.<ref name="lac126" /> Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided to annex the Philippines. Despite the fact that the first Philippine Republic was patterned after the French and American Revolutions, plus the Latin-American Republics; the Americans and French themselves sought to crush the revolution in the Philippines.{{sfn|Kalaw|1927|pp=199–200}} In addition to [[Guam]] and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to [[cession|cede]] the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$20,000,000.00.<ref name="uslc-14">{{cite web|title=Philippines – The Malolos Constitution and the Treaty of Paris|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/14.htm|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=August 22, 2006}}</ref> U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines by saying that it was "a gift from the gods" and that since "they were unfit for self-government, ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them",<ref>{{cite web |title=President McKinley gives his reasons for the U.S. to keep the Philippines |url=http://www.spanamwar.com/McKinleyphilreasons.htm |access-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Woods|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PA49 49]}}</ref> in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries. The First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1913).