Editing Han Chinese (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|List of Chinese inventions|List of Chinese discoveries}}
[[File:徐光啟.jpg|left|thumb|381x381px|[[Xu Guangqi]], was an agronomist, astronomer and mathematician. He wrote ''[[Complete Treatise on Agriculture]]'' and was one of the main editors of [[Chongzhen calendar|''Chongzhen Calendar'']].]]
The Han Chinese have made significant contributions to various fields in the advancement and progress of human civilization, including business and economy, culture and society, governance, and [[Science and technology in China|science and technology]], both historically and in the modern era. They have also played a pivotal role in being at the forefront of shaping the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese civilization and significantly influenced the advancement of East Asian civilization in concurrence with the broader region of East Asia as a whole. The invention of paper, printing, the compass and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese society as the [[Four Great Inventions]].<ref name="Yigitcanlar 2016 19">{{Cite book |title=Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications |last=Yigitcanlar |first=Tan |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1138826700 |publication-date=May 10, 2016 |page=19}}</ref> The innovations of [[Yi Xing]] (683–727), a polymathic Buddhist monk, mathematician, and mechanical engineer of the Tang dynasty is acknowledged for applying the earliest-known escapement mechanism to a [[Armillary sphere|water-powered celestial globe]].<ref name="fry 10" /><ref name="Needham volume 3 351">Needham, Volume 3, 351.</ref><ref name="Needham volume 4 470">Needham, Volume 4, 470.</ref><ref>Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering'' (Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 1986) pp. 470–475.</ref> The accomplishments and advancements of the Song dynasty polymath [[Su Song]] (1020–1101) is recognized for inventing a [[Hydraulics|hydro-mechanical]] [[Astronomical clock|astronomical]] [[clock tower]] in medieval [[Kaifeng]], which employed an early [[escapement]] mechanism.<ref name="Needham volume 4 445">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 445.</ref><ref name="Needham volume 4 448">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 448.</ref><ref name="bodde 140">Bodde, 140.</ref><ref name="fry 10">Fry, 10.</ref> The work of medieval Chinese polymath [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retrogradation as well as postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation.<ref name="O'Doherty 57" /> Medieval Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic [[SN 1054|supernova]] in 1054 AD, the remnants of which would form the [[Crab Nebula]].<ref name="O'Doherty 57">{{Cite book |title=Let There be Peace - Ascension to Ivisimara |last=O'Doherty |first=Mark |isbn=978-1291208917 |date=November 24, 2012 |page=57 |publisher=Lulu.com}}</ref>

In the contemporary era, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to the development and growth of modern science and technology. Among such prominently illustrious names that have been honored, recognized, remembered, and respected for their historical groundbreaking achievements include [[Nobel Prize]] laureates [[Tu Youyou]], [[Steven Chu]], [[Samuel C.C. Ting]], [[Chen Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Yuan T. Lee]], [[Daniel C. Tsui]], [[Roger Y. Tsien]] and [[Charles K. Kao]] (known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics");<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/master-of-light-awarded-nobel-prize-1798723.html |title='Master of Light' awarded Nobel Prize |work=The Independent |last=Ferguson |first=Ben |date=7 October 2009 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234016/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/master-of-light-awarded-nobel-prize-1798723.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fields Medal#List of Fields medalists|Fields Medalist]]s [[Terence Tao]] and [[Shing-Tung Yau]] as well as [[Turing Award]] winner [[Andrew Yao]]. [[Tsien Hsue-shen]] was a prominent aerospace engineer who helped to establish [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/6630578/Qian-Xuesen.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/technology-obituaries/6630578/Qian-Xuesen.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Qian Xuesen |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 November 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Chen Jingrun]] was a noted mathematician recognized for his contributions to number theory, where he demonstrated that any sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers or a [[prime number]] and a [[semiprime]], a concept now known as [[Chen's theorem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=J. R. |last=Chen |year=1973 |title=On the representation of a larger even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes |journal=Scientia Sinica |volume=16 |pages=157–176}}</ref>

The 1978 Wolf Prize in Physics inaugural recipient and physicist [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the development of the [[Manhattan Project]] and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the conventionally accepted view of the structure of the universe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall-results/details/2/173-Wu |title=Chien-Shiung Wu |publisher=National Women's Hall of Fame |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=22 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522214806/http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall-results/details/2/173-Wu |url-status=dead}}</ref> The geometer [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] has been regarded as the "father of modern differential geometry" and has also been recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th-century. Chern was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics in recognition for his fundamental contributions to the development and growth of [[differential geometry]] and [[topology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Chern.html|title=Chern biography: Shiing-shen Chern |first1=J J |last1=O'Connor |first2=E F |last2=Robertson |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics archive|access-date=2017-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505191038/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Chern.html |archive-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/12/06_chern.shtml |first1=Robert |last1=Sanders |title=Renowned mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern, who revitalized the study of geometry, has died at 93 in Tianjin, China |date=2004-12-06 |website=Berkeley News |access-date=2017-01-16 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608220726/https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/12/06_chern.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/world/asia/shiingshen-chern-93-innovator-in-new-geometry-dies.html|url-access=subscription|title=Shiing-Shen Chern, 93, Innovator in New Geometry, Dies|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2004-12-07|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2017-01-16|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725154918/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/07/world/asia/shiingshen-chern-93-innovator-in-new-geometry-dies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ams.org/notices/199807/chern.pdf|title=Interview with Shiing Shen Chern |journal=Notices of the AMS |volume=45 |issue=7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120070054/http://www.ams.org/notices/199807/chern.pdf |archive-date= Jan 20, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Udo |last2=Tjaden |first2=Ekkehard-H. |last3=Wefelscheid |first3=Heinrich |title=Shiing-Shen Chern's Centenary |journal=Results in Mathematics |date=October 2011 |volume=60 |issue=1–4 |pages=13–51 |doi=10.1007/s00025-011-0196-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zalafilms.com/takingthelongviewfilm/synopsis.html|title=Taking the Long View: The Life of Shiing-shen Chern|website=zalafilms.com|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216121956/http://zalafilms.com/takingthelongviewfilm/synopsis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2024}} The botanist [[Shang Fa Yang]] was well-noted for his research that unlocked the key to prolonging freshness in fruits and flowers and "for his remarkable contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of biosynthesis, mode of action and applications of the plant hormone, [[Ethylene]]."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=14&cat_title=AGRICULTURE |title=The Wolf Prize in Agriculture |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305182526/http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=14&cat_title=AGRICULTURE |url-status=live }}</ref> The agronomist [[Yuan Longping]], regarded as the "Father of Hybrid Rice" was famous for developing the world's first set of [[hybrid rice]] varieties in the 1970s, which was then part of the [[Green Revolution]] that marked a major scientific breakthrough within the field of modern agricultural research.<ref name="Economist-obit">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-29|title=Obituary Yuan Longping|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/05/29/yuan-longping-died-on-may-22nd|newspaper=The Economist|volume=439 Number 9247|pages=86|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624184507/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/05/29/yuan-longping-died-on-may-22nd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/world/asia/yuan-longping-dead.html|title= Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90|newspaper= The New York Times|date= May 23, 2021|access-date= 26 May 2021|last1= Bradsher|first1= Keith|last2= Buckley|first2= Chris|archive-date= 26 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210526013958/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/world/asia/yuan-longping-dead.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2004|title=Dr. Monty Jones and Yuan Longping|url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/20002009_laureates/2004_jones_and_yuan/|access-date=2017-10-24|publisher=[[World Food Prize]]|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625025623/https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/20002009_laureates/2004_jones_and_yuan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CCTV-"杂交水稻之父"袁隆平|trans-title="Father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping|url=http://news.cctv.com/special/C18407//index.shtml|access-date=2017-10-24|publisher=[[China Central Television]]|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909013119/http://news.cctv.com/special/C18407//index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The physical chemist [[Ching W. Tang]], was the inventor of the [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) and hetero-junction [[organic photovoltaic cell]] (OPV) and is widely considered the "Father of [[Organic electronics|Organic Electronics]]".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1557/mrs.2012.125 |title=Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak |year=2012 |last1=Forrest |first1=Stephen |journal=MRS Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=552–53|bibcode=2012MRSBu..37..552F |doi-access=free }}</ref> Biochemist [[Chi-Huey Wong]] is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. The chemical biologist [[Chuan He]] is notable for his work in discovering and deciphering reversible [[RNA]] methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation.<ref name="Grand Challenge">{{cite journal | vauthors = He C | title = Grand Challenge Commentary: RNA epigenetics? | journal = Nat. Chem. Biol. | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 863–865 | date = November 2010 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio.482 | pmid = 21079590}}</ref> Chuan is also noteworthy for having invented TAB-seq, a biochemical method that can map 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at base-resolution genome-wide, as well as hmC-Seal, a method that covalently labels 5hmC for its detection and profiling.<ref name="Yu 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song CX, Zhang L, Kim A, Li XK, Dai Q, Shen Y, Park B, Min JH, Jin P, Ren B, He C | title = Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome. | journal = Cell | volume = 149 | issue = 6 | pages = 1368–1380 | date = June 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.027 | pmc = 3589129 | pmid=22608086}}</ref><ref name="Song 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Song CX, Szulwach KE, Fu Y, Dai Q, Yi C, Li X, Li Y, Chen CH, Zhang W, Jian X, Wang J, Zhang L, Looney TJ, Zhang B, Godley LA, Hicks LM, Lahn BT, Jin P, He C | title = Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine | journal = Nat. Biotechnol. | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–72 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/nbt.1732 | pmid=21151123 | pmc=3107705}}</ref>

Other prominent Han Chinese who have made notable contributions the development and growth of modern science and technology include the medical researcher, physician, and virologist [[David Ho (scientist)|David Ho]], who was one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. In recognition of his medical contributions, Ho was named [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' magazine Person of the Year]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19961230,00.html |title=Dr David Ho, Man of the Year |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 December 1996 |access-date=17 October 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230124354/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19961230,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The medical researcher and transplant surgeon [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]] is the inventor of the drug [[Abraxane]], which became known for its efficacy against lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer.<ref name="Forb 2020/08/27">{{Cite magazine|last=Knapp|first=Alex|date=August 27, 2020|title=The Inside Story Of Biotech's Barnum And His Covid Cures|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/08/27/the-inside-story-of-biotechs-barnum-and-his-covid-cures/|access-date=2020-08-27|magazine=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125040411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/08/27/the-inside-story-of-biotechs-barnum-and-his-covid-cures/|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon-Shiong is also well known for performing the first whole-pancreas transplant<ref name="UMagUCLA15">{{cite journal | author = Light, Leti McNeill | date = 2015 | issue = Spring | title = Visions of Progress and Courage [Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong — Medical Visionary Award] | journal = U Magazine | format = print and online | pages = 42f | url = http://magazine.uclahealth.org/workfiles/UMagazine_Spring_2015.pdf | access-date = 2016-11-20 | archive-date = 11 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150911073242/http://magazine.uclahealth.org/workfiles/UMagazine_Spring_2015.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Whole [[pancreas transplantation]] began as a part of multi-organ transplants, in the mid-to-late 1960s, at the [[University of Minnesota]]. See {{cite journal |author1=Squifflet, J.P. |author2=Gruessner, R.W. |author3=Sutherland, D.E. | date = 2008 | title = The History of Pancreas Transplantation: Past, Present and Future | journal = Acta Chir. Belg. | volume = 108 | issue = 3, May–June | pages = 367–378 |doi=10.1080/00015458.2008.11680243 | quote = The first attempt to cure type 1 diabetes by pancreas transplantation was done at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, on December 17, 1966… [This] opened the door to a period, between the mid-[1970s] to mid-[1980s] where only segmental pancreatic grafts were used... In the late [1970s] – early [1980s], three major events… boosted the development of pancreas transplantation… [At] the Spitzingsee meetings, participants had the idea to renew the urinary drainage technique of the exocrine secretion of the pancreatic graft with segmental graft and eventually with whole pancreaticoduodenal transplant. That was clinically achieved during the mid-[1980s] and remained the mainstay technique during the next decade. In parallel, the Swedish group developed the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion. It was the onset of the whole pancreas reign. The enthusiasm for the technique was rather moderated in its early phase due to the rapid development of liver transplantation and the need for sharing vascular structures between both organs, liver and pancreas. During the modern era of immunosuppression, the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion became the gold standard… [for SPK, PAK, PTA]. | pmid=18710120 }}</ref> and he developed and first performed the experimental [[Type 1 diabetes]]-treatment known as encapsulated-human-[[Islet transplantation|islet transplant]], and the "first pig-to-man islet-cell transplant in diabetic patients."<ref name="UMagUCLA15" /> The physician and physiologist [[Thomas Ming Swi Chang]] is the inventor of the world's first [[artificial cell]] made from a permeable plastic sack that would effectively carry hemoglobin around the human circulatory system.<ref name="pioneer">[https://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/mcgill-pioneers/chang Thomas Chang, Professor of Physiology | About McGill – McGill University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727222720/http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/mcgill-pioneers/chang |date=27 July 2017 }}. Mcgill.ca. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.</ref> Chang is also noteworthy for his development of charcoal-filled cells to treat drug poisoning in addition to the discovery of enzymes carried by artificial cells as a medical tool to correct the faults within some metabolic disorders.<ref>[https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-13530 The Governor General of Canada > Honours > Recipients > Thomas Ming Swi Chang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235442/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-13530 |date=6 September 2023 }}. Gg.ca. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</ref> [[Min Chueh Chang]] was the co-inventor of the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]] and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of [[in vitro fertilization]] at the [[Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Min Chueh Chang |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/mchang.html |access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512031801/http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/mchang.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chang Min-Chueh |encyclopedia=Britannica Online for Kids |url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319254/Chang-Min-Chueh |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514203948/http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9319254/Chang-Min-Chueh |url-status=live }}</ref> Biochemist [[Choh Hao Li]] discovered [[Growth hormone|human growth hormone]] (and subsequently used it to treat a form of [[dwarfism]] caused by [[growth hormone deficiency]]), [[beta-endorphin]] (the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers), [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] and [[luteinizing hormone]] (the key hormone used in [[fertility testing]], an example is the [[ovulation]] home test).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-02-mn-17142-story.html |title=Discovered Human Growth Hormone: Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Maugh II |first=Thomas |date=2 December 1987 |access-date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001756/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-02/news/mn-17142_1_human-growth-hormone |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CHL">{{cite web |title=Choh Hao Li |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html |access-date=15 September 2012 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002123345/http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Joe Hin Tjio]] was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in [[karyotype]] [[cytogenetics|genetics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/11/guardianobituaries.medicalscience |title=Joe Hin Tjio The man who cracked the chromosome count |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Wright |first=Pearce |date=11 December 2001 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825151411/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/11/guardianobituaries.medicalscience |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/us/joe-hin-tjio-82-research-biologist-counted-chromosomes.html |title=Joe Hin Tjio, 82; Research Biologist Counted Chromosomes |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=7 December 2001 |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512193836/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/us/joe-hin-tjio-82-research-biologist-counted-chromosomes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The bio-engineer [[Yuan-Cheng Fung]], was regarded as the "Father of modern [[biomechanics]]" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01042007 |title=News from the National Academies |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |date=4 January 2007 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512151122/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01042007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/Awards/RussPrize/RussWinners/page20079101/55231.aspx |title=Dr. Yuan-Cheng 'Bert' Fung |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |year=2007 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615064155/http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/Awards/RussPrize/RussWinners/page20079101/55231.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> China's system of "[[barefoot doctors]]" was among the most important inspirations for the [[World Health Organization]] conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing [[primary health care]] and [[preventive medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleck |first1=Fiona |title=Consensus during the Cold War: back to Alma-Ata |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=October 2008 |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=745–746 |id={{Gale|A188738637}} {{ProQuest|229653110}} |doi=10.2471/blt.08.031008 |pmid=18949208 |pmc=2649520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weiyuan |first1=Cui |title=China's village doctors take great strides. |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=December 2008 |volume=86 |issue=12 |pages=914–915 |id={{Gale|A19230921}} {{ProQuest|229652120}} |doi=10.2471/blt.08.021208 |pmid=19142288 |pmc=2649581 }}</ref>