Editing Golden ratio (section)

===Modern art===
[[File:Albert Gleizes, 1912, Les Baigneuses, oil on canvas, 105 x 171 cm, Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Gleizes]], ''[[Les Baigneuses (Gleizes)|Les Baigneuses]]'' (1912)]]
The [[Section d'Or]] ('Golden Section') was a collective of [[Painting|painters]], sculptors, poets and critics associated with [[Cubism]] and [[Orphism (art)|Orphism]].<ref name=centrepompidou1 /> Active from 1911 to around 1914, they adopted the name both to highlight that Cubism represented the continuation of a grand tradition, rather than being an isolated movement, and in homage to the mathematical harmony associated with [[Georges Seurat]].<ref name=centrepompidou2 /> (Several authors have claimed that Seurat employed the golden ratio in his paintings, but Seurat's writings and paintings suggest that he employed simple whole-number ratios and any approximation of the golden ratio was coincidental.)<ref name=seuratclaims /> The Cubists observed in its harmonies, geometric structuring of motion and form, "the primacy of idea over nature", "an absolute scientific clarity of conception".<ref name=herbert /> However, despite this general interest in mathematical harmony, whether the paintings featured in the celebrated 1912 [[Section d'Or#Salon de la Section d'Or, 1912|''Salon de la Section d'Or'']] exhibition used the golden ratio in any compositions is more difficult to determine. Livio, for example, claims that they did not,{{sfn|Livio|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/goldenratiostory00livi/page/169 169]}} and [[Marcel Duchamp]] said as much in an interview.<ref name=camfield /> On the other hand, an analysis suggests that [[Juan Gris]] made use of the golden ratio in composing works that were likely, but not definitively, shown at the exhibition.<ref name=camfield /><ref name=juangris /> Art historian [[Daniel Robbins (art historian)|Daniel Robbins]] has argued that in addition to referencing the mathematical term, the exhibition's name also refers to the earlier ''Bandeaux d'Or'' group, with which [[Albert Gleizes]] and other former members of the [[Abbaye de Créteil]] had been involved.<ref name=allard />

[[Piet Mondrian]] has been said to have used the golden section extensively in his geometrical paintings,<ref name=bouleau /> though other experts (including critic [[Yve-Alain Bois]]) have discredited these claims.<ref name="livio plus" />{{sfn|Livio|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/goldenratiostory00livi/page/177 177–178]}}