Editing Gender role (section)

===Men's rights===
{{Main|Men's rights movement}}
{{see also|Fathers' rights movement}}
[[File:Save Indian Families protest (New Delhi, 26 August 2007).jpg|thumb|250px|Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organized by the [[Save Indian Family Foundation]]]]

The men's rights movement (MRM) is a part of the larger [[men's movement]]. It branched off from the [[men's liberation movement]] in the early-1970s. The men's rights movement is made up of a variety of groups and individuals who are concerned about what they consider to be issues of male disadvantage, [[discrimination]] and oppression.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fatherhoodpoliti00gava |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/fatherhoodpoliti00gava/page/11 11] |last=Gavanas |first=Anna |title=Fatherhood Politics in the United States: Masculinity, Sexuality, Race, and Marriage |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location= Urbana |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-252-02884-7 |quote=All these cases of perceived discrimination make up the men's rights view that men are considered, by government and society, to be more expendable than women.}}</ref><ref name="BoydLongwood1996">{{cite book |title=Redeeming men: religion and masculinities|editor1-first=Stephen Blake |editor1-last=Boyd |editor2-first=W. Merle |editor2-last=Longwood |editor3-first=Mark William |editor3-last=Muesse |publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]] |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSrhNzWb6sIC&pg=PR17 |isbn=978-0-664-25544-2 |page=17 |quote=In contradistinction to pro-feminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example, target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.}}</ref> The movement focuses on issues in numerous areas of society (including [[family law]], [[parenting]], [[reproduction]], [[domestic violence]]) and government services (including [[education]], [[compulsory military service]], social safety nets, and health policies) that they believe discriminate against men.

Scholars consider the men's rights movement or parts of the movement to be a [[backlash (sociology)|backlash]] to feminism.<ref name=backlash>See, for example:
* {{cite journal |last=Maddison |first=Sarah |year=1999 |title=Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=39–52 |url=http://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163216/https://newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/JIGS/JIGSV4N2_039.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Ciara |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Herrman |title=Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries |year=2004 |publisher=[[Nova Publishers]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59033-900-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HdLVGgJQ0mUC&pg=PA61 61–62] |chapter=The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family}}
* {{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Flood |editor1-first=Michael S. |editor1-last=Kimmel |editor1-link=Michael Kimmel |editor2-last=Hearn |editor2-first=Jeff |editor3-last=Connell |editor3-first=Raewyn |title=Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities |year=2005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn= 978-0-7619-2369-5 |page=459 |chapter=Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvAZD45BMDoC&pg=PA459}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/03/29/scott_adams_mens_rights_movement/ |title=Is the men's rights movement growing? |last1=Finocchiaro |first1=Peter |date=29 March 2011 |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |access-date=10 March 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Messner |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Messner |year=2000 |title=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&pg=PA41 |location=Lanham |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |page=41 |isbn=978-0-8039-5577-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Solinger |first1=Rickie |title=Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfem7O38h6MC&pg=PP130 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-981141-0 |page=130}}
* {{cite book |last1=Menzies |first1=Robert |editor1-first=Susan B |editor1-last=Boyd |title=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change |year=2007 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]] |location=Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-7748-1411-9 |chapter=Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA65 |pages=65–97}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunphy |first1=Richard |title=Sexual Politics: An Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NVPQkt0bVpAC&pg=PA88 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1247-5 |page=88}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Martin |title= Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters |year=2003 |journal=International Journal of Inclusive Education |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1080/13603110210143644 |s2cid=144875158}}</ref> The men's rights movement denies that men are privileged relative to women.<ref name="clatter">{{cite book |last=Clatterbaugh |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfG8qCLMP9EC |title=Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: Men, women, and politics in modern society |date=1996 |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=978-0-8133-2701-3 |edition=Reissued 2nd. |location=Boulder, Colorado |page=11 |quote=Indeed the premise of all men's rights literature is that men are ''not'' privileged relative to women... Having denied that men are privileged relative to women, this movement divides into those who believe that men and women are equally harmed by sexism and those who believe that society has become a bastion of female privilege and male degradation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317231546/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfG8qCLMP9EC|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> The movement is divided into two camps: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding female privilege.<ref name=clatter/>

Men's rights groups have called for male-focused governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/What-about-tax-and-fathers-custody-rights/articleshow/5244920.cms |title=What about tax, and father's custody rights? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Northbourne"/><ref name=wt>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/17/guys-got-it-made-think-again-say-advocates/ |title=Guys got it made? Think again, say advocates |first=Wetzstein |last=Cheryl |work=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the abolition of the National Commission for Women.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-husbands-idUKTRE5AJ0TZ20091120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125033234/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-husbands-idUKTRE5AJ0TZ20091120 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2018 |title=Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives |work=[[Reuters]] |date=20 November 2009 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Boys-fight-for-freedom/articleshow/4859757.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020060318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-09/man-woman/28177085_1_indian-law-law-minister-siff |url-status=live |archive-date=20 October 2012 |title=Boys fight for freedom! |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2009 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the creation of a [[Minister for Men]] analogous to the existing [[Minister for Women (United Kingdom)|Minister for Women]], have been proposed by [[David Amess]], MP and [[Lord Northbourne]], but were rejected by the government of [[Tony Blair]].<ref name="Northbourne">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/3522631.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=FHM: For Him Minister? |date=3 March 2004 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1343276/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1343276/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |title=Yesterday in Parliament |first=Michael |last=Kallenbach |date=16 June 2000 |access-date=5 May 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/2004/mar/08/minister-for-men#S6CV0418P2_20040308_CWA_745 |title=Minister for Men |publisher=Hansard, UK Parliament |access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> In the United States, [[Warren Farrell]] heads a commission focused on the creation of a "White House Council on Boys and Men" as a counterpart to the "White House Council on Women and Girls" which was formed in March 2009.<ref name=wt/>

Related to this is the Father's Rights Movement, whose members seek social and political reforms that affect fathers and their children.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Jocelyn E. |date=2008 |title=Defiant Dads: Fathers' Rights Activists in America |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-4690-0}}</ref> These individuals contest that societal institutions such as family courts, and laws relating to child custody and child support payments, are gender biased in favor of mothers as the default caregiver. They therefore are systemically discriminatory against males regardless of their actual caregiving ability, because males are typically seen as the bread-winner, and females as the care-giver.<ref>Baskerville, S (2007). Taken into Custody: The War Against Fatherhood, Marriage, and the Family. Cumberland House Publishing. {{ISBN|1-58182-594-3}}.</ref>