Editing Franciscans (section)

==Distinguishing characteristics==
{{stack|[[File:Stigmata.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[stigmatisation|stigmatization]] of St. Francis]]
[[File:Allegra Gabriele.jpg|thumb|[[Gabriele Allegra]] (1907–1976) of [[Studium Biblicum Franciscanum|the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum]]]]
[[File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg|thumb|[[Roger Bacon]] ({{circa|1214–1294}}), statue from the 19th century in the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]]]
[[File:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|upright|[[Bernardino of Siena]] (1380–1440), painted by [[Jacopo Bellini]] ({{circa|1400–1470}})]]}}

===Spirituality===
Franciscan theology conforms to broader [[Catholic theology|doctrine]] with the Catholic Church, but involves several unique emphases. Franciscan theologians view creation, the natural world, as good and joyous, and avoid dwelling on the "stain of [[original sin]]." Francis expressed great affection towards animals and inanimate natural objects as fellow inhabitants of God's creation, in his work ''Canticle of the Creatures'' ({{lang|la|Laudes Creaturarum}}, also known as the ''[[Canticle of the Sun]]''). 

Special emphasis is put on the [[Incarnation of Christ]] viewed as a special act of humility, as Francis was struck by God's great charity in sacrificing his son for the salvation of mankind. They also exhibit great devotion to the [[Eucharist]]. The Rule of Saint Francis calls for members to practice simple living and detachment from material possessions in emulation of Jesus' life and earthly ministry. The simple lifestyle helps members of the order, in whichever branch, to experience solidarity with the poor and to work for social justice. Franciscan spirituality also strongly emphasizes working to preserve the church, and remain loyal to it.{{refn|{{cite web|publisher=Franciscans in Action|url=https://franciscanaction.org/earthcorps/article/living-simply|title=Living Simply|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126011216/https://franciscanaction.org/earthcorps/article/living-simply|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.franciscans.org/en/who/conv-franc/franciscan-spirituality|title=Franciscan Spirituality|publisher=Conventual Franciscans|access-date=2017-01-22|archive-date=2017-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103092133/http://www.franciscans.org/en/who/conv-franc/franciscan-spirituality|url-status=dead}}}}{{refn|{{cite web|url=http://stjosephcupertino.sfousa.org/what-is-franciscan-spirituality/|title=What is Franciscan Spirituality?|date=21 January 2014|publisher=Saint Joseph Cupertino Fraternity, Secular Franciscan Order (OFS)|access-date=29 January 2017}}}}

===Visions and stigmata===
Among Catholic religious, Franciscans have proportionally reported higher ratios of [[stigmata]] and have claimed proportionally higher ratios of [[visions of Jesus and Mary]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} [[Francis of Assisi]] himself was one of the first reported cases of stigmata, and perhaps the most famous stigmatic of modern times is [[Padre Pio]], a Capuchin, who also reported visions of Jesus and Mary. Pio's stigmata persisted for over fifty years and he was examined by numerous [[physician]]s in the 20th century, who confirmed the existence of the wounds, but none of whom could produce a medical explanation for the fact that his bleeding wounds would never get [[Infection|infected]]. According to the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', his wounds healed once, but reappeared.<ref>''Britannica Online Encyclopedia'', [https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9375317 Padre Pio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929204502/https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9375317 |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref> 

According to the ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/stigmata.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130002349/http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/stigmata.html|archive-date=2007-11-30}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2016}} some medical authorities who examined Padre Pio's wounds were inclined to believe that the stigmata were connected with nervous or cataleptic [[hysteria]]. According to [[Answers.com]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pio-padre |title=Padre Pio: Biography and Much More from |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512170201/http://www.answers.com/topic/pio-padre |archive-date=2013-05-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2016}} the wounds were examined by Luigi Romanelli, chief physician of the City Hospital of Barletta, for about one year. [[Giorgio Festa]], a private practitioner examined them in 1920 and 1925. [[Giuseppe Bastianelli]], a physician to [[Pope Benedict XV]], agreed that the wounds existed but made no other comment. Pathologist [[Amico Bignami]] observed the wounds, but made no [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]].

===Contributions to biblical scholarship===
The Franciscans established the [[Studium Biblicum Franciscanum]] as an [[academic society]] based in Jerusalem and [[Hong Kong]] for the study of scripture. The Hong Kong branch founded by [[Gabriele Allegra]] produced the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible in Chinese in 1968 after a 40-year effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbofmhk.org|title=Studium Biblicum OFM|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005141357/http://www.sbofmhk.org/|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Studium Biblicum Translation]] is often considered the authoritative Chinese Bible among Catholics.

The early efforts of another Franciscan, namely [[Giovanni di Monte Corvino]] who had attempted a first translation of the Bible in [[Beijing]] in the 14th century, provided the initial spark for Gabriele Allegra's 40 year undertaking, when at the age of 21 he happened to attend the 6th centenary celebration for Monte Corvino.

===Notable members===
The Franciscan order boasts a number of distinguished members. From its first century can be cited the three great scholastics [[Alexander of Hales]], [[Bonaventure]], and [[John Duns Scotus]], the "Doctor of Wonders" [[Roger Bacon]], and the well-known mystic authors and popular preachers [[David of Augsburg]] and [[Bertold von Regensburg|Berthold of Regensburg]].

During the Middle Ages noteworthy members included [[Nicholas of Lyra]], Biblical commentator [[Bernardino of Siena]], philosopher [[William of Ockham]], preachers [[John of Capistrano]], [[Oliver Maillard]], and [[Michel Menot]], and historians [[Luke Wadding]] and [[Antoine Pagi]].

In the field of Christian art during the later Middle Ages, the Franciscan movement exercised considerable influence, especially in Italy. The influence of Franciscan ideals shows in several great painters of the 13th and 14th centuries, especially [[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto]], who, though they were not friars, were spiritual sons of Francis in the wider sense. It is also seen in the plastic masterpieces of Giotto, as well as the architectural conceptions of both himself and his school. The Italian Gothic style, whose earliest important monument is the great convent church at [[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi|Assisi]], built 1228–1253, was cultivated as a rule principally by members of the order or men under their influence.

The early spiritual poetry of Italy was partially inspired by Francis himself, who was followed by [[Thomas of Celano]], [[Bonaventure]], and [[Jacopone da Todi]]. Through a tradition which held him to have been a member of the Franciscan Third Order, even [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] may be included within this artistic tradition, cf. especially ''[[The Divine Comedy#Paradiso|Paradiso]]'', xi. 50.

Other famous members of the Franciscan family include [[Anthony of Padua]], [[François Rabelais]], [[Alexander of Hales]], [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpini]], [[Pio of Pietrelcina]], [[Maximilian Kolbe]], [[Pasquale Sarullo]], [[Mamerto Esquiú]], [[Gabriele Allegra]], [[Junipero Serra]], [[Simpliciano of the Nativity]], [[Mychal F. Judge]], [[Angelico Chavez]], [[Anton Docher]], [[Joseph of Cupertino]], [[Benedict Groeschel]] and [[Leonard of Port Maurice]].

During the "spiritual conquest" of New Spain, 1523–1572, the arrival of the first group of Franciscans, the [[Twelve Apostles of Mexico]], included [[Martín de Valencia]], but more prominently for his corpus of writings on the earliest years was [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia]]. Other important Franciscans are [[Alonso de Molina]], [[Andrés de Olmos]], and [[Bernardino de Sahagún]], who all created texts in indigenous language of [[Nahuatl]] to aid friars in the [[History of the Catholic Church in Mexico|evangelization of Mexico]]. [[Geronimo de Mendieta]], [[Augustin de Vetancourt]], and [[Fray Juan de Torquemada|Juan de Torquemada]] are important contributors to the [[history of the Franciscans in central Mexico]].<ref>''Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 13: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Pt. 2.'' [[Howard F. Cline]] (ed.).  Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973, pp. 142–143, 186–239, 256–275.</ref>

A modern notable member is [[Casey Cole]], an American [[Franciscan]] [[friar]], [[Catholic priest]], writer, and blogger. Cole runs his own online blog and YouTube channel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking In The Habit |url=https://www.youtube.com/c/BreakingInTheHabit |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=YouTube}}</ref> called ''Breaking in the Habit''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking In The Habit |url=https://breakinginthehabit.org/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Breaking In The Habit |language=en}}</ref> and is the author of the books ''Let Go: Seven Stumbling Blocks to Christian Discipleship'' and ''Called: What Happens After Saying Yes to God''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Maria |date=2019-02-20 |title=Priestly Ordination of Casey Cole Set for June 22 |url=https://hnp.org/priestly-ordination-of-casey-cole-set-for-june-22/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Holy Name Province |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202101040/https://hnp.org/priestly-ordination-of-casey-cole-set-for-june-22/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Maria |date=2018-04-03 |title=Casey Cole Writes First Book |url=https://hnp.org/casey-cole-writes-first-book/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Holy Name Province |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208121720/https://hnp.org/casey-cole-writes-first-book/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>