Editing Empire State Building (section)

== Impact ==
[[File:The Empire State Building by Glenn Odem Coleman, oil on canvas.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Empire State Building'', [[Glenn Coleman (painter)|Glenn Odem Coleman]],<br />{{Circa|1931}}]]
As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.<ref name="Young Young 2007 p. 144"/>{{sfn|Willis|Friedman|1998|p=56}}{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1981|p=18}} In 2013, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine noted that the Empire State Building "seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Empire State Building: A City Icon Turns 82 Amid Battle to Go Public |magazine=Time |date=May 1, 2013 |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/05/01/the-empire-state-building-an-icon-in-the-city/ |access-date=October 25, 2017 |last1=Tramz |first1=Mia |archive-date=November 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120125603/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/05/01/the-empire-state-building-an-icon-in-the-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The historian John Tauranac called it "'the' twentieth-century New York building", despite the existence of taller and more [[Modern architecture|modernist]] buildings.{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=19}}

The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,<ref name="Haberman 1981" /><ref name="Sutton 1981" /> citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as "the fixtures and interior components" of the upper floors.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1981|page=i}} The [[New York City Planning Commission]] endorsed the landmark status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 17, 1981 |title=The City; Landmark Status Gains for East Side |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/17/nyregion/the-city-landmark-status-gains-for-east-side.html |access-date=May 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507191435/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/17/nyregion/the-city-landmark-status-gains-for-east-side.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nhlnom">{{cite web |last=Pitts |first=Carolyn |date=April 26, 1985 |title=Empire State Building |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_text |work=National Historic Landmark Nomination |publisher=National Park Service |format=PDF |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731062757/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_text |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web |date=April 26, 1985 |title=Empire State Building—Accompanying 7 Photos, Exterior and Interior, From 1978 |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_photos |work=National Register of Historic Places Inventory |publisher=National Park Service |format=PDF |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731062750/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_photos |url-status=live }}</ref> in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.<ref name="nhlnom" /> The Empire State Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] the following year due to its architectural significance.<ref>{{NRISref|version=2007a}} See also: {{cite web |title=Asset Detail – Empire State Building |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82001192 |access-date=October 30, 2017 |publisher=National Park Service |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023421/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82001192 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Contemporary reception ===
Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=612}} Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, "That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental."<ref>{{cite book |title=The New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year.... |year=1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joI3AAAAIAAJ |page=53 |chapter=Architecture |first=Talbot |last=Hamlin }}</ref> [[George Shepard Chappell]], writing in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' under the pseudonym "T-Square", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a "palpably enormous" appeal to the general public, and that "its difference and distinction [lay] in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design".{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=612}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chappell |first=George S. (T-Square) |date=July 13, 1931 |title=The Sky Line |url=https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1931-07-13 |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=7 |pages=46–47 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017211423/https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1931-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> Edmund Wilson of ''[[The New Republic]]'' wrote that the building's neutral color palette made it "New York's handsomest skyscraper".<ref name="Gray 1992" />

Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast "a silly gesture", and [[Lewis Mumford]] called it "a public comfort station for migratory birds".{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=612}} Nevertheless, architecture critic [[Douglas Haskell]] said the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was "caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication."{{sfn|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|pp=614–615}}<!--<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106006255894 |first=Douglas |last=Haskell |journal=Creative Art |volume=8 |date=April 1931 |pages=242–244 }}</ref>-->

===As icon===
Early in the building's history, travel companies such as [[Short Line Motor Coach Service]] and [[New York Central Railroad]] used the building as an icon to symbolize the city.{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=20}} In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any building except the [[Lincoln Memorial]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Empire State Building Ranked Second in U. S.: Fifty Architects Put Lincoln Memorial First in Vote |date=April 29, 1932 |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1125430573}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1932 |title=Architects Pick 'Finest' Buildings; Lincoln Memorial Placed First, Empire State Building Second, Nebraska Capitol Third |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |access-date=December 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226231328/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architect [[Paul Goldberger]] noted that the Empire State Building "is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good."<ref name="Mouat 1979"/>

As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was "America's favorite building".<ref>{{cite web |title=Empire State Building Is America's Favorite |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 9, 2007 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-02-09/empire-state-building-is-americas-favoritebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |access-date=October 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054138/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-02-09/empire-state-building-is-americas-favoritebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=live }}</ref> The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.<ref name="Young Young 2007 p. 144">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=William H. |last2=Young |first2=Nancy K. |title=The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood Press |issue=v. 2 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33522-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBljswTLaIEC&pg=PA144 |access-date=October 25, 2017 |pages=144–145 }}</ref> The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was "a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans."{{sfn|Flowers|2001|p=72}} The architectural critic [[Jonathan Glancey]] refers to the building as an "icon of American design".<ref name="Glancey 2013"/> Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List of [[America's Favorite Architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=America's FavoriteArchitecture |url=https://www.npr.org/documents/2007/feb/buildings/150buildings.pdf |access-date=October 21, 2017 |publisher=NPR |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920005830/http://www.npr.org/documents/2007/feb/buildings/150buildings.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a "[[Wonders of the World|wonder of the world]]" due to the massive effort expended during construction.{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=19}} ''[[The Washington Star]]'' listed it as part of one of the "seven wonders of the modern world" in 1931, while ''[[Holiday (magazine)|Holiday]]'' magazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]].{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=19}} The [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] also declared the building "A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States" in 1958<ref name="ASCE Metropolitan Section" /> and one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Modern World]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 19, 2010 |title=American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders |url=http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 |archive-date=August 2, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2010 |publisher=Asce.org }}</ref> Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the "seven wonders of engineering".<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Ron |title=Seven Wonders of Engineering |publisher=Ebsco Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7613-5989-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0nN1h_1e7YC&pg=PA15 |access-date=October 25, 2017 |pages=7–15 }}</ref> It has often been called the [[Eighth Wonder of the World]] as well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.<ref name="Dupre 2013"/><ref name="Daily Sentinel 1931"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Judith |title=Empire State Building: The 8Th World Wonder – A History in Photos |website=ABC News |date=May 1, 2012 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/05/the-8th-world-wonder/ |access-date=October 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054240/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/05/the-8th-world-wonder/ |archive-date=October 26, 2017 }}</ref> The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.<ref name="Bosworth 1984"/> The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made.<ref>See, for instance: {{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-suezcanal-ship-singapore/singapore-transport-minister-says-suez-block-may-disrupt-supplies-to-region-idUSL4N2LN38C |title=Singapore Transport Minister Says Suez Block May Disrupt Supplies to Region |work=Reuters |date=March 25, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |quote=A container ship, almost as long as the Empire State Building is high, is blocking transit in both directions through the Suez Canal, one of the world's busiest shipping channels for oil and grain and other trade linking Asia and Europe. |postscript=none |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321184850/https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-suezcanal-ship-singapore/singapore-transport-minister-says-suez-block-may-disrupt-supplies-to-region-idUSL4N2LN38C |url-status=live}}; {{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coral-reef-discovery-taller-than-empire-state-building-australia-great-barrier-reef/ |title=Massive coral reef taller than the Empire State Building found off Australian coast |first=Sophie |last=Lewis |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=October 27, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |postscript=none |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715194806/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coral-reef-discovery-taller-than-empire-state-building-australia-great-barrier-reef/ |url-status=live}}; {{cite web |url=https://shenandoahcountryq102.iheart.com/content/2018-03-28-worlds-largest-cruise-ship-is-size-of-empire-state-building/ |title=World's Largest Cruise Ship Is Size of Empire State Building |publisher=[[iHeart Media]] |date=March 28, 2018 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531201151/https://shenandoahcountryq102.iheart.com/content/2018-03-28-worlds-largest-cruise-ship-is-size-of-empire-state-building/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The building has also inspired replicas. The [[New York-New York Hotel and Casino]] in [[Paradise, Nevada]], contains the "Empire Tower",<ref name="New York-New York">{{cite web |title=New York-New York |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/122180/new-york-new-york-las-vegas-nv-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321211318/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/122180/new-york-new-york-las-vegas-nv-usa |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=Emporis }}</ref> a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.<ref name="Goldberger 1997">{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=January 15, 1997 |title=New York-New York, It's a Las Vegas Town |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html |access-date=August 18, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609231254/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chicago Tribune 1997">{{cite web |date=January 3, 1997 |title=New York Looms Large in Las Vegas |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322165728/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior.<ref name="Goldberger 1997" />

===In media===
{{Main|Empire State Building in popular culture}}

As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.<ref name=esb-pr/> In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture was ''Swiss Family Manhattan'', a 1932 children's story by [[Christopher Morley]].{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=24}} A year later, the film ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' depicted [[King Kong|Kong]], a giant [[stop motion]] ape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=25}}{{sfn|Langmead|2009|p=72}}{{sfn|Fodor's|2010|p=153}} bringing the building into the popular imagination.<ref name="Reynolds p. 291" />{{sfn|Fodor's|2010|p=153}} Later movies such as ''[[An Affair to Remember]]'' (1957), ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]'' (1993), and ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996) also prominently featured the building.{{sfn|Langmead|2009|p=73}}<ref name="esb-pr">{{cite web |title=TV & Movies |website=Empire State Building |url=http://www.esbnyc.com/pr-pop-culture/tv-movies |access-date=October 22, 2017 }}</ref> The building has also been featured in other works, such as "[[Daleks in Manhattan]]", a 2007 episode of the TV series ''[[Doctor Who]]'';{{sfn|Langmead|2009|p=73}} and ''[[Empire (1964 film)|Empire]]'', an eight-hour black-and-white [[silent film]] by [[Andy Warhol]],{{sfn|Langmead|2009|p=73}} which was later added to the [[Library of Congress]]'s [[National Film Registry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/descriptions-and-essays/ |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |website=[[National Film Preservation Board]] |access-date=August 11, 2017 |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304022437/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/descriptions-and-essays/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities like [[Taylor Swift]] and [[Zendaya]] to royalty such as [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William]], the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aska |first=Jelena |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Kylie Jenner And 19 Other Celebs Spotted Visiting New York's Empire State Building |url=https://www.thetravel.com/kylie-jenner-and-19-other-celebs-spotted-visiting-new-yorks-empire-state-building/ |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=TheTravel |language=en |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223220006/https://www.thetravel.com/kylie-jenner-and-19-other-celebs-spotted-visiting-new-yorks-empire-state-building/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Empire State Building Run-Up===
The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.{{sfn|Tauranac|2014|p=27}} It is organized by [[NYCRUNS]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Colaizzo |first=Pete |date=February 8, 2016 |title=Empire Stair Building: Rhinebeck Runner Climbs Unusual Feat |language=en-US |work=Poughkeepsie Journal |url=https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/sports/recreational/2016/02/08/empire-stair-building-rhinebeck-runner-climbs-unusual-feat/80025128/ |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031231853/https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/sports/recreational/2016/02/08/empire-stair-building-rhinebeck-runner-climbs-unusual-feat/80025128/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are often [[tower running]] enthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of {{cvt|1050|ft|m}} and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9&nbsp;minutes and 33&nbsp;seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclist [[Paul Crake]] in 2003, at a climbing rate of {{cvt|6593|ft|0}} per hour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyrr.org/races/pro/esbru/07story01.asp |title=NYRR Empire State Building Run-Up Crowns Dold and Walsham as Champions |date=February 6, 2007 |work=New York Road Runners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112650/http://www.nyrr.org/races/pro/esbru/07story01.asp |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |access-date=July 10, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esbnyc.com/tourism/tourism_specialevents_runup_previous.cfm |title=Past Race Winners |publisher=Empire State Building |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102185933/http://esbnyc.com/tourism/tourism_specialevents_runup_previous.cfm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |access-date=July 10, 2010 }}</ref>