Editing Chess (section)

===Arts and humanities===
{{Main|Chess in the arts}}
In the [[Middle Ages]] and during the [[Renaissance]], chess was a part of [[nobility|noble]] culture; it was used to teach war strategy and was dubbed the "[[Chess or the King's Game|King's Game]]".<ref>{{harvp|Vale|2001|pp=170–199}}</ref> Gentlemen are "to be meanly seene in the play at Chestes", says the overview at the beginning of [[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s ''[[The Book of the Courtier]]'' (1528, English 1561 by Sir Thomas Hoby), but chess should not be a gentleman's main passion. Castiglione explains it further:
[[File:Meister der Manessischen Liederhandschrift 004.jpg|thumb|Noble chess players, Germany, {{circa|1320}}]]
{{blockquote|And what say you to the game at chestes? It is {{sic|truely|hide=y}} an honest kynde of enterteynmente and wittie, quoth Syr Friderick. But me think it hath a fault, whiche is, that a man may be to couning at it, for who ever will be excellent in the playe of chestes, I beleave he must beestowe much tyme about it, and applie it with so much study, that a man may assoone learne some noble scyence, or compase any other matter of importaunce, and yet in the ende in beestowing all that laboure, he knoweth no more but a game. Therfore in this I beleave there happeneth a very rare thing, namely, that the meane is more commendable, then the excellency.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/courtier/courtier2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818234955/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/courtier/courtier2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2000 |title=The Second Book of the Courtier |author=Count Bladessar Castilio |translator=Sir Thomas Hoby |editor=Walter Raleigh |publisher=David Nutt |location=London |date=1900 |access-date=7 May 2010 |orig-year=1561}}</ref>}}

Some of the elaborate chess sets used by the aristocracy at least partially survive, such as the [[Lewis chessmen]].

Chess was often used as a basis of sermons on [[morality]]. An example is ''Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum'' ('Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess'), written by an Italian [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] friar [[Jacobus de Cessolis]] {{circa|1300}}. This book was one of the most popular of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{harvp|Olmert|1996|p=127}}</ref> The work was translated into many other languages (the first printed edition was published at Utrecht in 1473) and was the basis for [[William Caxton]]'s ''The Game and Playe of the Chesse'' (1474), one of the first books printed in English.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=§3. The first book printed in English — "The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy" | title= XIII. The Introduction of Printing into England and the Early Work of the Press. | volume= 2. The End of the Middle Ages | publisher= The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21|chapter-url=https://www.bartleby.com/212/1303.html|access-date=2022-12-29|via= Bartleby|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815001313/https://www.bartleby.com/212/1303.html|url-status=live | author = E. Gordon Duff | date= 1907}}</ref> Different chess pieces were used as metaphors for different classes of people, and human duties were derived from the rules of the game or from visual properties of the chess pieces:<ref>{{harvp|Adams|2006}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The knyght ought to be made alle armed upon an hors in suche wyse that he haue an helme on his heed and a spere in his ryght hande/ and coueryd wyth his sheld/ a swerde and a mace on his lyft syde/ Cladd wyth an hawberk and plates to fore his breste/ legge harnoys on his legges/ Spores on his heelis on his handes his gauntelettes/ his hors well broken and taught and apte to bataylle and couerid with his armes/ whan the knyghtes ben maad they ben bayned or bathed/ that is the signe that they shold lede a newe lyf and newe maners/ also they wake alle the nyght in prayers and orysons vnto god that he wylle gyue hem grace that they may gete that thynge that they may not gete by nature/ The kynge or prynce gyrdeth a boute them a swerde in signe/ that they shold abyde and kepe hym of whom they take theyr dispenses and dignyte.<ref>{{Cite book |author1-last=Caxton | author1-first= William 
| author2-last=Jacobus |author2-first=de Cessolis
|editor= William Edward Armytage Axon | orig-date= 1474
|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10672 |title=The Game and Playe of the Chesse |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=20 May 2010 |date=January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924213005/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10672 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Known in the circles of clerics, students, and merchants, chess entered into the popular culture of the Middle Ages. An example is the 209th song of [[Carmina Burana]] from the 13th&nbsp;century, which starts with the names of chess pieces, ''Roch, pedites, regina...''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo2.html |title=Carmina potoria |publisher=Bibliotheca Augustana |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229151500/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo2.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> The game of chess, at times, has been discouraged by various religious authorities in Middle Ages: Jewish,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Chess | author1 = Joseph Jacobs | author2= A. Porter |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess|access-date=2022-12-29|encyclopedia =[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064440/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess|url-status=live}}</ref> Catholic and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=166–167, 410}}</ref> Some Muslim authorities prohibited it even recently, for example [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] in 1979 and [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh|Abdul-Aziz ash-Sheikh]] even later.<ref name="Forbidden">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti|last1=Shaheen|first1=Kareem|title=Chess forbidden in Islam, rules Saudi mufti, but issue not black and white |work=The Guardian |date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213200335/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti |archive-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], chess was viewed as a means of self-improvement. [[Benjamin Franklin]], in his article "[[The Morals of Chess]]" (1786), wrote:
{{blockquote|
The Game of Chess is not merely an idle amusement; several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of human life, are to be acquired and strengthened by it, so as to become habits ready on all occasions; for life is a kind of Chess, in which we have often points to gain, and competitors or adversaries to contend with, and in which there is a vast variety of good and ill events, that are, in some degree, the effect of prudence, or the want of it. By playing at Chess then, we may learn:

'''I. Foresight''', which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that may attend an action ...

'''II. Circumspection''', which surveys the whole Chess-board, or scene of action: – the relation of the several Pieces, and their situations ...

'''III. Caution''', not to make our moves too hastily ...<ref>{{harvp|Franklin|2003}} [1786], p. 289</ref>
}}

[[File:Red King sleeping.jpg|thumb|right|upright 1.1|''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'': the Red King is snoring. Illustration by Sir [[John Tenniel]].]]
Chess was occasionally criticized in the 19th century as a waste of time.<ref>{{cite web |website=Medium|url=https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f |title=Why Chess Will Destroy Your Mind |first=Clive |last=Thompson |date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901152810/https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f |archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml |title=That Time When People Thought Playing Chess Would Make You Violent |website=TechDirt|last1=Geigner|first1=Timothy|date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324191000/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml |archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

Chess is taught to children in schools around the world today. Many schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. Tournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organizations such as the [[United States Chess Federation]] and the National Scholastic Chess Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230140133/http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html |archive-date=30 December 2009 |title=National Scholastic Chess Foundation |access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref>

Chess is many times depicted in [[Chess in the arts and literature|the arts]]; significant works where chess plays a key role range from Thomas Middleton's ''[[A Game at Chess]]'' to ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' by Lewis Carroll, to Vladimir Nabokov's ''[[The Defense]]'', to ''[[The Royal Game]]'' by Stefan Zweig. Chess has also featured in film classics such as [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[The Seventh Seal]]'', [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari|The Chess Players]]'', and [[Powell and Pressburger]]'s ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (film)|A Matter of Life and Death]]''.

Chess is also present in contemporary popular culture. For example, the characters in ''[[Star Trek]]'' play a futuristic version of the game called "[[Federation (Star Trek)|Federation]] [[Tri-Dimensional Chess]]",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraaijeveld|date=2000|title=Origin of chess–a phylogenetic perspective|url=http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38|journal=Board Games Studies|volume=3|pages=39–50|via=|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929011559/http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38|url-status=live}}</ref> and "[[Wizard's Chess]]" is played in J.K. Rowling's ''[[Harry Potter]]''.<ref name="Mayes-Elma2006">{{cite book|author=Ruthann Mayes-Elma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95|title=Females and Harry Potter: Not All that Empowering|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7425-3779-8|pages=95–|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813113441/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95|url-status=live}}</ref>