Editing Ashgabat (section)

==Human resources==
===Science and education===
{{Main|Education in Turkmenistan|:ru:Образование в Туркмении}}
{{See also|List of universities in Turkmenistan}}
[[File:Southern part of Ashgabat.jpg|thumb|Turkmen State Institute of Culture campus]]
[[File:Turkmen State Medical University.jpg|thumb|[[Turkmen State Medical University]]]]
Ashgabat is the most important educational center of Turkmenistan with several institutions of higher education. Magtymguly [[Turkmen State University]] was founded in 1950. The main university building is located on Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy şaýoly. [[Turkmen State Medical University]] is situated in Ashgabat as well. It is subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Pharmaceutical Industry of Turkmenistan. Other prominent institutions are the [[Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management]], a main business school founded in 1980, as well as the [[Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction]], [[Turkmen Agricultural University]], and [[The National Institute of Sports and Tourism of Turkmenistan]]. In 2016, the English- and Japanese-medium [[Oguz Khan University of Engineering Technologies]] was opened with support of the Japanese government. The [[International University of Humanities and Development]] is another English-medium institution of higher education. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs' training ground is the [[Institute of International Relations (Turkmenistan)|Institute of International Relations]].<ref name=by>{{cite web|url=http://www.brsu.by/en/Turkmenistan/obrazovanie-v-turkmenistane|title=Образование в Туркменистане|publisher=Brest State A.S. Pushkin University|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=catalog>{{cite web|url=https://turkmenportal.com/catalog/obrazovanie|title=ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ|publisher=Turkmenportal|language=ru}}</ref>

Ashgabat is home to five military academies: the [[:ru:Военный институт Министерства обороны Туркмении|Military Institute]], the Naval Institute, the Border Guards Institute, the Institute of National Security, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs Institute. In 2020 the Military Institute began accepting applications from women.<ref name=catalog /><ref name=milinst>{{cite web|url=https://turkmenportal.com/blog/24411/voennyi-institut-turkmenistana-otkryl-priem-na-uchebu-dlya-zhenshchin|title=Военный институт Туркменистана открыл прием на учебу для женщин|date=January 19, 2020|publisher=Turkmenportal|language=ru}}</ref>

Four international secondary schools operate in Ashgabat. The Russian Embassy sponsors the Russian-medium [[Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School|A.S. Pushkin Russo-Turkmen School]], the French construction company [[Bouygues]] sponsors a French school for children of its Francophone employees, the Turkish Embassy sponsors the Turkish-medium Turgut Ozal Turkmen-Turkish School, and the American Embassy sponsors the English-medium Ashgabat International School.<ref name=pushkin>{{cite web|url=http://www.trsosh.edu.tm/|title=СОВМЕСТНАЯ ТУРКМЕНО-РОССИЙСКАЯ СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА ИМЕНИ А. С. ПУШКИНА|language=ru|publisher=СТРСОШ имени А.С. Пушкина}}</ref><ref name=fra>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlfmonde.org/etablissements/ecole-francaise-mlf-bouygues/|title=Ecole française Mlf Bouygues|language=fr|publisher=Mission laïque française}}</ref><ref name=turk>{{cite web|url=http://atal.meb.k12.tr/tema/okulumuz_hakkinda.php|title=Türkmenistan Aşgabat Türk Anadolu Lisesi|language=tr|publisher=T.C. MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728014915/http://atal.meb.k12.tr/tema/okulumuz_hakkinda.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ais>{{cite web|url=https://www.qsi.org/ashgabat/|title=ASHGABAT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL|date=June 9, 2023 |publisher=Quality Schools International}}</ref>

Prior to establishment of Soviet authority in Turkmenistan, Ashgabat had only 11 schools and no scientific or research centers.<ref name=encyclopedia /> By 1948 Ashgabat had three institutions of higher education, 20 technical schools, 60 libraries, "and approximately the same number of kindergartens".<ref name=turkmenistan />

The [[Turkmen Academy of Sciences]] was founded June 29, 1951, and includes the unique Desert Institute among its 26 scientific research institutes, as well as the State Seismological Service, 17-degree-granting schools, two medical research centers, a library, and two print shops. The Academy of Sciences is the only institution in Turkmenistan accredited to award postgraduate degrees. In 2019, President Berdimuhamedov decreed that state funding of the Academy of Sciences would end within three years.<ref name=encyclopedia /><ref name=akadnauk>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2019/02/11_a_12176593.shtml|title=Денег нет: конец туркменской науки?|date=February 11, 2019|publisher=Газета.Ru (Gazeta.Ru)|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=wapo>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/turkmenistan-to-cut-state-funding-for-science/2019/01/30/76e9528c-24c5-11e9-b5b4-1d18dfb7b084_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131012959/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/turkmenistan-to-cut-state-funding-for-science/2019/01/30/76e9528c-24c5-11e9-b5b4-1d18dfb7b084_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2019|title=Turkmenistan to cut state funding for science|date=January 30, 2019|publisher=Washington Post/Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=decree>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=18003|title=Будет изменена система финансирования Академии наук Туркменистана|work=Туркменистан: золотой век|date=January 29, 2019|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=acadsci>{{cite web|url=http://tdh.gov.tm/news/en/articles.aspx&article16511&cat26|title=Financing of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan to be {{as written|chna|ged [sic]}}|date=January 29, 2019|publisher=state news agency of Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727235817if_/http://tdh.gov.tm/news/en/articles.aspx&article16511&cat26|archive-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Prior to founding of the Turkmen Academy of Sciences, local scientific-research institutes, all located in a single two-story building, were subordinate to the USSR Academy of Sciences.<ref name=turkmenistan />

=== Health ===
Ashgabat is a center for healthcare and medical training of Turkmenistan. Large-scale reconstruction work on buildings and modernization of the material and technical base of existing healthcare institutions is constantly ongoing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/53375/ashhabad-140-let-krupnyj-medicinskij-centr|title=Ашхабад-140 лет: крупный медицинский центр|date=April 7, 2021|website=www.turkmenistan.gov.tm}}</ref>

The Directorate of International Medical Centers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyeti|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> in Ashgabat includes International Center Ene mähri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-ene-mahri-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> (maternity hospital), International Center of Endocrinology and Surgery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-endokrinologiya-we-hirurgiya-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Center of Head and Neck Diseases,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-kelle-we-boyun-kesellerini-bejeris-halkara-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Center of Eye Diseases,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-goz-kesellerini-bejeris-halkara-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Ashgabat Dental Center,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-stomatologiya-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>  International Center of Cardiology,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-kardiologiya-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Center of Internal Medicine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-ic-keselleri-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Center of Neurology,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-newrologiya-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Diagnostic Center,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-saglyk-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-halkara-saglygy-gorayys-anyklayys-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Education and Science Center,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-okuw-ylmy-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> International Diagnostic Center,<ref name="auto1"/> International Education and Science Center,<ref name="auto"/> International Center of Traumatology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/sikesleri-bejeris-halkara-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> and International Burn Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/halkara-lukmancylyk-merkezleri/halkara-yanyk-sikeslerini-bejeris-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> The main medical centers are located along Professor Hans Meissner Avenue in the south of Ashgabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/42560/postanovlenie-medzhlisa-turkmenistana-o-prisvoenii-imeni-professora-hansa-majsnera-ulice-1970-goroda-ashhabad|title=Постановление Меджлиса Туркменистана о присвоении имени профессора Ханса Майснера улице № 1970 города Ашхабад|website=tdh.gov.tm}}</ref> In 2024, they were opened International Health and Rehabilitation Center, and the International Scientific and Clinical Center of Physiology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/42492/v-turkmenistane-otkryty-novye-uchrezhdeniya-zdravoohraneniya|title=В Туркменистане открыты новые учреждения здравоохранения|website=tdh.gov.tm}}</ref><ref>[https://mir24.tv/news/16605141/den-medika-v-turkmenistane-v-strane-otkryli-mezhdunarodnyi-ozdorovitelno-reabilitacionnyi-centr-i-nauchno-klinicheskii-centr-fiziologii]</ref>

Medical and preventive institutions in Ashgabat include: Scientific-Clinical Center of Oncology,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/onkologiya-ylmy-kliniki-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Scientific-clinical center for Maternal and Child health,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/enanin-we-caganyn-saglygyny-gorayys-ylmy-kliniki-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Treatment and Consultative centre named after S.А.Niyazov,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/s.a.nyyazow-adyndaky-bejeris-maslahat-beris-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Hospital with Scientific Clinical Centre of Cardiology,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/kardiologiya-ylmy-kliniki-merkezli-hassahanasy|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Emergency First Aid Center,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/gayragoyulmasyz-tiz-komek-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Central Bureau of Pathologic Anatomy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/merkezi-patologik-anatomiya-edarasy|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Central Bureau of Forensic Medicine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/merkezi-kazyyet-lukmancylyk-edarasy|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Central Medical-Recovery Hospital, Medical Diagnostic Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary?page=1|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>

The Directorate of Infectious Disease Centers is located in the Choganly residential complex in the north of Ashgabat, which includes Central Dermatovenerological Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/yokanc-keselleri-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-merkezi-deri-wenerologiya-hassahanasy|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Treatment and prevention Center for infectious diseases,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/yokanc-keselleri-merkezleri-mudiriyetinin-yokanc-keselleri-bejeris-onuni-alys-merkezi|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> Blood Center, National AIDS Prevention Center, Center for Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Centralized Laboratory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/en/merkezi-bejeris-onuni-alys-edaralary/yokanc-keselleri-merkezleri-mudiriyeti|title=Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>

The central office of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service is located in Ashgabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/dowlet-arassacylyk-we-kesellerin-yayramagyna-garsy-goresmek-gullugy/dowlet-arassacylyk-we-kesellerin-yayramagyna-garsy-goresmek-gullugynyn-merkezi-edarasy|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> The Center for Public Health and Nutrition<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/dowlet-arassacylyk-we-kesellerin-yayramagyna-garsy-goresmek-gullugy/jemgyyetcilik-saglygy-we-iymit-merkezi|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> and the Center for the Prevention of Particularly Dangerous Infections<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/dowlet-arassacylyk-we-kesellerin-yayramagyna-garsy-goresmek-gullugy/ayratyn-howply-yokanc-kesellerin-onuni-alys-merkezi|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref> operate in Ashgabat.

As of 2018, there are 16 [[Outpatient department|outpatient clinic]]'s operating in the Ashgabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.tmembassy.gov.tm/en/news/15040|title=Столичная система первичной медико-санитарной помощи – пример для амбулаторных служб в регионах &#124; LONDON, UK - EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN|website=uk.tmembassy.gov.tm}}</ref>

==== Medical education ====
The following higher and secondary medical educational institutions operate in Ashgabat: [[Turkmen State Medical University]] named after Myrat Garryev, [[Indira Gandhi]] Secondary Medical School of Ashgabat. The following were established at the [[Turkmen State Medical University]]: in 2011 – the Scientific and Clinical Center for Eye Diseases, in 2013 – the Educational and Industrial Center for Dentistry, and in 2015 – the Educational and Scientific Center for the Protection of Maternal and Child Health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/lukmancylyk-yokary-we-orta-hunar-okuw-mekdepleri|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>

==== Medical industry ====
The city pays great attention to the development of the pharmaceutical industry. The following medical industry and pharmaceutical supply institutions operate in Ashgabat: Turkmendermansenagat Association, Main Pharmacy Association, Center for Drug Registration and State Quality Control, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Saglyk Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Türkmen Ajanta Pharma Limited Joint Venture, Tenekär Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Berzengi Mineral Healing Water Enterprise, Disinfectant Solutions Production Enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/derman-senagaty-we-derman-upjunciligi-edaralary?page=1|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>

==== Sanatoriums ====
The Berzeňňi Sanatorium is located at the foothills of the Kopetdag mountains, 7.5 kilometers south of center of Ashgabat. Operating since 1967, a new building was inaugurated in 2012. The sanatorium features a unique mineral water source from a 1,600-meter-deep well. This water has a distinct hydrochemical composition, including magnesium sulfate, potassium, and low mineralization, and has various therapeutic properties. It is used to treat conditions such as digestive system diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular issues, and joint diseases. The sanatorium operates year-round, offering both outpatient and spa treatments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saglykhm.gov.tm/ru/sypahana-edaralary/berzenni-sypahanasy|title=Министерство здравоохранения и медицинской промышленности Туркменистана|website=saglykhm.gov.tm}}</ref>