Editing Art Deco (section)

==Art Deco architecture around the world==
Art Deco architecture began in Europe, but by 1939 there were examples in large cities on every continent and in almost every country. This is a selection of prominent buildings on each continent.

''For a comprehensive list of existing buildings by country, see: [[List of Art Deco architecture]].''

===Africa===
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture in Africa}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Le jardin des majorelle 16.JPG|[[Jardin Majorelle]] in [[Marrakesh]], Morocco, by Paul Sinoir (1931)
File:Fiat tagliero, 08.JPG|[[Fiat Tagliero Building]] in [[Asmara]], Eritrea, by [[Giuseppe Pettazzi]] (1938)<ref name=Bradt112>{{cite book|title=Bradt Travel Guide: Eritrea|last=Denison|first=Edward|year=2007|publisher=Bradt|isbn=978-1-84162-171-5|page=112}}</ref>
File:La Cathédrale de Rabat.jpg|[[St. Peter's Cathedral, Rabat|St. Peter's Cathedral]] in [[Rabat]], Morocco (1938)
File:Estação Ressano Garcia.JPG|Railway Station in [[Ressano Garcia]], Mozambique (1945)
</gallery>

Most Art Deco buildings in Africa were built during European colonial rule, and often designed by Italian, French and Portuguese architects.

===Asia===
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture in Asia|Art Deco in Mumbai|Art Deco in Kolkata}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Jaarbeurs.JPG|[[Kologdam Building]] in [[Bandung]], Indonesia (1920)
File:Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum 02.jpg|[[Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan (1933)
File:NewIndiaAssuranceBdg.jpg|[[New India Assurance Building]] in [[Mumbai]], India (1936)
File:Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg|[[National Diet Building]] in Tokyo, Japan (1936)
File:Ankara asv2021-10 img19 Railway station.jpg|[[Ankara railway station]] in [[Ankara]], Turkey (1937)
File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg|[[Cebu Provincial Capitol]] in [[Cebu City]], Philippines (1938)
File:EID Parry headquarters.jpg|[[Dare House]] in [[Chennai]], India (1940)
File:Bangkok General Post Office 07.23.jpg|[[General Post Office (Bangkok)|General Post Office]] in [[Bangkok]], Thailand (1940)
</gallery>

Many Art Deco buildings in Asia were designed by European architects. But in the Philippines, local architects such as [[Juan Nakpil]], [[Juan Arellano]], [[Pablo Antonio]] and others were preeminent. Many Art Deco landmarks in Asia were demolished during the great economic expansion of Asia the late 20th century, but some notable enclaves of the architecture still remain, particularly in Shanghai and [[Mumbai]].

The Indian Institute of Architects, founded in Mumbai in 1929, played a prominent role in propagating the Art Deco movement. In November 1937, this institute organised the 'Ideal Home Exhibition' held in the Town Hall in Mumbai which spanned over 12 days and attracted about one hundred thousand visitors. As a result, it was declared a success by the 'Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects'. The exhibits displayed the 'ideal', or better described as the most 'modern' arrangements for various parts of the house, paying close detail to avoid architectural blunders and present the most efficient and well-thought-out models. The exhibition focused on various elements of a home ranging from furniture, elements of interior decoration as well as radios and refrigerators using new and scientifically relevant materials and methods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Mumbai Fables|last=Prakash|first=Gyan|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780691142845|page=99}}</ref>
Guided by their desire to emulate the west, the Indian architects were fascinated by the industrial modernity that Art Deco offered.<ref name=":0" /> The western elites were the first to experiment with the technologically advanced facets of Art Deco, and architects began the process of transformation by the early 1930s.<ref name=":0" />

Mumbai's expanding port commerce in the 1930s resulted in the growth of educated middle class population. It also saw an increase of people migrating to Mumbai in search of job opportunities. This led to the pressing need for new developments through Land Reclamation Schemes and construction of new public and residential buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bombay : the cities within|last=Sharada.|first=Dwivedi|date=1995|publisher=India Book House|others=Mehrotra, Rahul., Mulla-Feroze, Umaima.|isbn=818502880X|location=Mumbai|oclc=33153751}}</ref> Parallelly, the changing political climate in the country and the aspirational quality of the Art Deco aesthetics led to a whole-hearted acceptance of the building style in the city's development. Most of the buildings from this period can be seen spread throughout the city neighbourhoods in areas such as Churchgate, Colaba, Fort, Mohammed Ali Road, Cumbala Hill, Dadar, Matunga, Bandra and Chembur.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bombay Deco|last=Sharada.|first=Dwivedi|date=2008|publisher=Eminence Designs|others=Mehrotra, Rahul., Gobhai, Noshir.|isbn=978-8190382151|location=Mumbai|oclc=300923025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artdecomumbai.com/inventory/|title=Inventory {{!}} Art Deco|website=www.artdecomumbai.com|date=10 March 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>

===Australia and New Zealand===
{{See also|List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney|List of Art Deco buildings in Melbourne|List of Art Deco buildings in Tasmania|List of Art Deco buildings in Perth|List of Art Deco architecture in Oceania}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:The Grace Building, Sydney, 1930 - Max Dupain (4226030071).jpg|[[Grace Building, Sydney|Grace Building]] in [[Sydney]], Australia (1930–31)
File:Sound Shell and Skating Rink 01.jpg|[[Shell (theater)|Sound Shell]] in [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand (1931)
File:Castlemaine Art Museum.jpg|Façade of the [[Castlemaine Art Museum]], Australia (1931), architect Percy Meldrum, frieze by [[Orlando Dutton]]
File:GoulburnElmsleaChambers 001.jpg|Elmslea Chambers in [[Goulburn]], Australia (1933)
File:Anzac Memorial Hyde Park 001.jpg|[[Anzac Memorial]] in Sydney, Australia (1934)
File:Holyman House, Launceston.JPG|[[Holyman House]] in [[Launceston, Tasmania]], Australia (1936)
File:MelbourneCenturyBdg.jpg|[[Century Building (Melbourne)|Century Building]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia (1939)
</gallery>

Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, have several notable Art Deco buildings, including the [[Manchester Unity Building]] and the former [[Russell Street Police Headquarters]] in Melbourne, the [[Castlemaine Art Museum]] in [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], central Victoria and the [[Grace Building, Sydney|Grace Building]], [[AWA Tower]] and [[Anzac Memorial]] in Sydney.

Several towns in New Zealand, including [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] and [[Hastings, New Zealand|Hastings]] were rebuilt in Art Deco style after the [[1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake]], and many of the buildings have been protected and restored. Napier has been nominated for UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] status, the first cultural site in New Zealand to be nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artdeconapier.com/Earthquake_8.aspx |title=Napier Earthquake |publisher=Artdeconapier.com |date=3 February 1931 |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706013856/http://www.artdeconapier.com/Earthquake_8.aspx |archive-date=6 July 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artdeconapier.com/ |title=Home – Art Deco Trust |publisher=Artdeconapier.com |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630211317/http://www.artdeconapier.com/ |archive-date=30 June 2010 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Wellington]] has retained a sizeable number of Art Deco buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wellington.govt.nz/recreation/enjoy-the-outdoors/walks-and-walkways/across-the-city/art-deco-heritage-trail |title=Art Deco heritage trail |publisher=wellington.gov.nz |format=PDF |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

===North America===
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture in the Americas|List of Art Deco architecture in the United States|Art Deco in the United States}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Barclay-Vesey Building 140 West Street.jpg|[[Barclay-Vesey Building|Verizon Building]] in [[New York City]], US (1923–1927)
File:SouthBeachMiamiBeach.jpg|[[Miami Beach Architectural District|Miami Art Deco District]] in [[South Beach]], Florida, US (1925–1940s)
File:KiMo Albuquerque.jpg|[[KiMo Theater]]'s [[Pueblo Deco]] architecture in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], US (1927)
File:Bullocks Wilshire.jpg|[[Bullocks Wilshire]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, US (1929)
File:Edifice Price.jpg|The [[Édifice Price|Price Building]] in [[Quebec City]], Quebec, Canada (1930)
File:Louisiana State Capitol Building.jpg|[[Louisiana State Capitol]] in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], US (1930–1932)
File:View of Buffalo City Hall (cropped).jpg|[[Buffalo City Hall]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, N.Y.]], US (1931)
File:Jefferson County Courthouse, Texas.jpg|[[Jefferson County Courthouse (Texas)|Jefferson County Courthouse]] in [[Beaumont, Texas]], US (1931)
File:Niagara Mohawk Bldg (Syracuse, NY)a.jpg|[[Niagara Mohawk Building]] in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse, N.Y.]], US (1932)
File:CMC-Union Terminal.jpg|[[Cincinnati Union Terminal]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, US (1933)
File:InteriorHoyBADF.JPG|Interior of the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of Fine Arts) in [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1934)
File:Vancouver City Hall.jpg|[[Vancouver City Hall]] in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada (1935)
File:Edificio_El_Moro_2010.JPG|Edificio El Moro in Mexico City, Mexico (1936)
File:Monumento a la Revolución Mexico.jpg|[[Monumento a la Revolución]] in Mexico City, Mexico (1938)
</gallery>

In Canada, surviving Art Deco structures are mainly in the major cities; [[Montreal]], Toronto, [[Hamilton, Ontario]], and [[Vancouver]]. They range from public buildings like [[Vancouver City Hall]] to commercial buildings ([[College Park (Toronto)|College Park]]) to public works ([[R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant]]).

In Mexico, the most imposing Art Deco example is interior of the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of Fine Arts), finished in 1934 with its elaborate décor and murals. Examples of Art Deco residential architecture can be found in the [[Condesa]] district, many designed by [[Francisco J. Serrano]].

In the United States, Art Deco buildings are found from coast to coast, in all the major cities. It was most widely used for office buildings, train stations, airport terminals, and cinemas; residential buildings are rare. During the 1920s and 1930s architects in the [[Southwestern United States]], particularly in the US state of [[New Mexico]], combined [[Pueblo Revival architecture|Pueblo Revival]] with [[Territorial Style]] and Art Deco to create [[Pueblo Deco architecture|Pueblo Deco]], as seen in the [[KiMo Theater]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]. In the 1930s, the more austere streamline style became popular. Many buildings were demolished between 1945 and the late 1960s, but then efforts began to protect the best examples. The City of Miami Beach established the [[Miami Beach Architectural District]] to preserve the fine collection of Art Deco buildings found there.

===Central America and the Caribbean===
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture in the Americas}}
Art Deco buildings can be found throughout Central America, including in Cuba.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Havana Art Deco (8955334332).jpg|[[Bacardi Building (Havana)|Bacardi Building]] in [[Havana]], Cuba (1930)
File:Hotel Nacional de Cuba - panoramio.jpg|[[Hotel Nacional de Cuba]] in Havana, Cuba (1930)
File:Edifício Lopez Serrano (35464009654) cropped2.jpg|Lopez Serrano Building in Havana, Cuba (1932)
File:Havana Art Deco (8703599920).jpg|A rundown Art Deco building in Havana, Cuba
File:IMG 2684 - Plaza del Mercado Isabel II in Ponce, PR.jpg|[[Plaza del Mercado de Ponce]] in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], US (1941)
File:San Juan, PR 05.jpg|[[Normandie Hotel]] in San Juan, Puerto Rico
File:Miami Building Facade.JPG|[[Miami Building|The Miami Building]] in San Juan, Puerto Rico
File:CasaPresidencialGuatemala2016.jpeg|Casa Presidencial in Guatemala City
</gallery>
{{clear}}

===Europe===
{{See also|Art Deco in Paris|Art Deco in Brussels|List of Art Deco architecture in Europe}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Theatre-des-champs-elysees-.jpg|[[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in [[Paris]], France (1910–1913)
File:Estación central de FF.CC. de Helsinki, Finlandia, 2012-08-14, DD 05.JPG|[[Helsinki Central Station]] in [[Helsinki]], Finland (1919)
File:Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels (1).jpg|[[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels|National Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Koekelberg]] (Brussels), Belgium (1919–1969)
File:Berlin, Mitte, Schuetzenstrasse, Mosse-Zentrum 05.jpg|[[Mossehaus]] with Art Deco elements by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] in [[Berlin]], Germany (1921–1923)
File:Radio Kootwijk (aangezicht).jpg|[[Radio Kootwijk]] in [[Kootwijk]], Netherlands (1927)
File:Madrid - Edificio Carrión (36011869036).jpg|[[Edificio Capitol|Capitol Building]] in [[Madrid]]'s [[Gran Vía, Madrid|Gran Vía]], Spain (1931)
File:Milan CentralStation 016 4294.jpg|[[Milano Centrale railway station]] in [[Milan]], Italy (1931)
File:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III (Messina) 07.JPG|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III in [[Messina]], (1929)
File:Hotel_(34595862000).jpg|Éden Theatre in [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1931)
File:Embassy of France, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|[[Embassy of France, Belgrade|Embassy of France]] in [[Belgrade]], Serbia (1933)
File:Express Building Manchester.jpg|[[Daily Express Building, Manchester|Daily Express Building]] in [[Manchester]], UK (1936–1939)
File:Palais de Tokyo, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.jpg|[[Palais de Tokyo]], Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, France (1937)
File:1604 Maastunnel - entrance building of pedestrian and cyclists' tunnel at Parkkade, Rotterdam 114.jpg|Ventilation tower of the Maastunnel in [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1937)<ref>{{cite web | title=Ventilatiegebouwen Maastunnel, Rotterdam | website=Amsterdamse School Platform | date=24 November 2017 | url=https://items.amsterdamse-school.nl/details/objects/1045 | language=nl | access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
File:Porto Teatro Rivoli 4.JPG|[[Rivoli Theatre (Portugal)|Rivoli Theater]] in [[Porto]], Portugal (1937)
File:Moscow MayakovskayaMetroStation 0943.jpg|[[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya Station]] in [[Moscow]], Russia (1938)
</gallery>

The architectural style first appeared in Paris with the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (1910–13) by Auguste Perret but then spread rapidly around Europe, until examples could be found in nearly every large city, from London to Moscow. In Germany two variations of Art Deco flourished in the 1920s and 30s: The [[New Objectivity (architecture)|Neue Sachlichkeit]] style and [[Expressionist architecture]]. Notable examples include Erich Mendelsohn's [[Mossehaus]] and [[Schaubühne]] in Berlin, [[Fritz Höger]]'s [[Chilehaus]] in Hamburg and his [[Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz]] in Berlin, the {{ill|Anzeiger Tower|de|Anzeiger-Hochhaus}} in [[Hanover]] and the {{ill|Borsig Tower|af|Borsig-toring}} in Berlin.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Kathleen|title=Erich Mendelsohn and the Architecture of German Modernism|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521571685}}</ref>

One of the largest Art Deco buildings in Western Europe is the [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels|National Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Koekelberg]], Brussels. In 1925, architect Albert van Huffel won the Grand Prize for Architecture with his scale model of the basilica at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basilicakoekelberg.be/documents/home.xml?lang=en |title=Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Koekelberg |publisher=Basilicakoekelberg.be |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref>

Spain and Portugal have some striking examples of Art Deco buildings, particularly movie theaters. Examples in Portugal are the Capitólio Theater (1931) and the Éden Cine-Theatre (1937) in [[Lisbon]], the [[Rivoli Theatre (Portugal)|Rivoli Theater]] (1937) and the [[Coliseu do Porto|Coliseu]] (1941) in [[Porto]] and the [[Rosa Damasceno]] Theater (1937) in [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]]. An example in Spain is the Cine Rialto in Valencia (1939).

During the 1930s, Art Deco had a noticeable effect on house design in the United Kingdom,<ref name="Art Deco Style" /> as well as the design of various public buildings.<ref name="Design Handbook" /> Straight, white-rendered house frontages rising to flat roofs, sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows, as well as convex-curved metal corner windows, were all characteristic of that period.<ref name="Art Deco (1920s to 1930s)" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/artdecobldgs.htm |title=Art Deco Buildings |year=2007 |publisher=london-footprints.co.uk |access-date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211074839/http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/artdecobldgs.htm |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.art-deco-classics.co.uk/frinton_artdeco.php |title=Art Deco in Frinton on sea |year=2006 |publisher=Art Deco Classics |access-date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201132519/http://www.art-deco-classics.co.uk/frinton_artdeco.php |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The [[London Underground]] is famous for many examples of Art Deco architecture,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00npm4g/Art_Deco_Icons_London_Transport |title=Four Programmes – Art Deco Icons |publisher=BBC |date=14 November 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> and there are a number of buildings in the style situated along the [[Golden Mile (Brentford)|Golden Mile]] in Brentford. Also in West London is the Hoover Building, which was originally built for [[The Hoover Company]] and was converted into a superstore in the early 1990s.

[[Bucharest]], once known as the "Little Paris" of the 19th century, engaged in a new design after World War I, redirected its inspiration towards New York City. The 1930s brought a new fashion which echoed in the cinema, theatre, dancing styles, art and architecture. Bucharest during the 1930s was marked by more and more Art Deco architecture from the bigger boulevards like [[Bulevardul Magheru]] to the private houses and smaller districts. The [[Bucharest Telephone Palace|Telephone Palace]], an early landmark of modern Bucharest, was the first skyscraper of the city. It was the tallest building between 1933 and the 1950s, with a height of {{convert|52.5|m}}. The architects were Louis Weeks and Edmond van Saanen Algi and engineer Walter Troy. The Art Deco monuments are a crucial part of the character of Bucharest since they describe and mark an important period from its history, the interbellic life (World War I–World War II). Most of the buildings from those years are prone to catastrophe, as Bucharest is located in an earthquake zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artdecobucharest.ro/ |title=Bucharest: Modernism Art Deco |website=artdecobucharest.ro |access-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022215659/https://artdecobucharest.ro/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 }}</ref>

===South America===
{{See also|List of Art Deco architecture in the Americas}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:2016 vista del Palacio Díaz Av. 18 de Julio 1333, entre Yaguarón y Ejido de Montevideo.jpg|Palacio Díaz in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay (1929)
File:Elevador Lacerda dia.jpg|Lacerda Elevator in [[Salvador, Bahia]], Brazil (1930)
File:Kavanagh building.jpg|[[Kavanagh Building]] in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina (1934–1936)
File:Viaduto do Chá - "Viaduto do Chá" viaduct (9630396439).jpg|[[Viaduto do Chá]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil (1938)
File:Estádio do Pacaembu, Sao Paulo 2017 002.jpg|[[Pacaembu Stadium]] in São Paulo, Brazil (1940)
File:Palácio Duque de Caxias - Rio de Janeiro - 20220930133747.jpg|Palácio Duque de Caxias in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (1941)
File:Estação Central do Brasil.jpg|[[Central do Brasil]] Station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1943)
File:Mercado de Abasto de Buenos Aires, ca 1945 (AGNA).jpg|[[Abasto de Buenos Aires|Abasto Market]] in Buenos Aires, Argentina ({{circa|1945}})
File:Fachada Universidad Mayor de San Andres.jpg|Entrance of the [[Higher University of San Andrés]] in [[La Paz]], Bolivia (1946)
File:Altino Arantes Building.jpg|[[Altino Arantes Building]] in São Paulo, Brazil (1947)
File:Palacio Municipal de Laprida, vista desde la plaza.JPG|Palacio Municipal and fountain in [[Laprida, Buenos Aires|Laprida]] (Buenos Aires), Argentina 
</gallery>

Art Deco in South America is especially present in countries that received a great wave of immigration in the first half of the 20th century, with notable works in their richest cities, like [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]] in Brazil, [[Buenos Aires]] in Argentina and [[Montevideo]] in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-27 |title=El art déco y Uruguay, un recorrido de casi un siglo |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/ocio/viajes/20200820/482915051633/uruguay-art-deco-recorrido-edificios-montevideo.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> The [[Kavanagh Building]] in Buenos Aires (1934), by Sánchez, Lagos and de la Torre, was the tallest reinforced-concrete structure when it was completed and is a notable example of late Art Deco style.