Editing 1990s (section)

=== Music ===
{{main|1990s in music}}
'''Music artists and genres'''
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| footer            = [[Whitney Houston]] (left), [[Celine Dion]] (center) and [[Mariah Carey]] (right) were three of the highest-selling and most popular female artists of the decade.
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Music marketing became more segmented in the 1990s, as [[MTV]] gradually shifted away from music videos and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at various niches.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/21/omigod.80s/index.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title='Like, Omigod!' It's the return of the '80s|date=22 August 2002|first1=Todd|last1=Leopold|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212110/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/21/omigod.80s/index.html|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2005-07-20/entertainment/eye.ent.90s_1_box-sets-packaging-music|title=Return of the '90s|date=21 July 2005|access-date=22 March 2013|first1=Todd|last1=Leopold|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316065347/http://articles.cnn.com/2005-07-20/entertainment/eye.ent.90s_1_box-sets-packaging-music?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ|archive-date=16 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-ball-drops-on-the-music-industry-19991005|newspaper=Rolling Stone|title=The Ball Drops on the Music Industry|date=5 October 1999|access-date=10 December 2012|last=DeCurtis|first=Anthony}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=We Hate the 80s|first=Jeff|last=Leeds|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 February 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/arts/music/13leed.html|access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> However, the 1990s are perhaps best known for [[grunge music|grunge]], [[gangsta rap]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[teen pop]]; [[Eurodance]], [[electronic dance music]], the renewed popularity of [[punk rock]] from the band [[Green Day]] and their 1994 album ''[[Dookie (album)|Dookie]]'' (which would also help create a new genre [[pop punk]]), and for the entrance of [[alternative rock]] into the mainstream. [[U2]] was one of the most popular 1990s bands; their groundbreaking [[Zoo TV Tour|Zoo TV]] and [[PopMart Tour|PopMart]] tours were the top-selling tours of 1992 and 1997, respectively. [[Glam metal]] died out in the music mainstream by 1991.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.spin.com/2009/11/myth-no-2-nirvana-killed-hair-metal/?aggr_node=55990|website=Spin|title=MYTH No. 2: Nirvana Killed Hair Metal|date=10 November 2009|access-date=17 September 2011|first1=Chuch|last1=Eddy}}</ref> [[Grunge]] became popular in the early 1990s due to the success of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s ''[[Nevermind]]'', [[Pearl Jam]]'s ''[[Ten (Pearl Jam album)|Ten]]'', [[Alice in Chains]]' ''[[Dirt (Alice in Chains album)|Dirt]]'', [[Soundgarden]]'s ''[[Badmotorfinger]]'' and [[Stone Temple Pilots]]' ''[[Core (Stone Temple Pilots album)|Core]]''.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/14/arts/pop-view-nirvana-bes-awaiting-fame-s-call.html|work= The New York Times|title=POP VIEW; Nirvana-bes Awaiting Fame's Call|date=14 June 1992|access-date=23 November 2011|first1=Jon|last1=Pareles}}</ref> [[Pop punk]] also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, [[Blink-182]], [[Weezer]], [[Social Distortion]], [[the Offspring]], [[Bad Religion]], [[NOFX]] and [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/punk-pop-d2928|title=Music Genres|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122044938/http://allmusic.com/explore/style/punk-pop-d2928|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful alternative acts included [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[R.E.M.]], [[Nickelback]], [[Creed (band)|Creed]], [[Radiohead]], [[Gin Blossoms]], [[Soul Asylum]], [[Third Eye Blind]], [[Faith No More]], [[the Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Live (band)|Live]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]], [[Bush (British band)|Bush]], [[Screaming Trees]] and [[Ween]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/magazine/the-gen-x-nostalgia-boom.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=My So Called Adulthood|date=4 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011|first1=Carl|last1=Wilson}}</ref>

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| footer            = Murals of [[Tupac Shakur]] (left) and [[the Notorious B.I.G.]] (right), two significant cultural figures throughout the 1990s who helped popularize the genre of [[gangsta rap]].
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Rappers [[Salt-n-Pepa]] continued to have hit songs until 1994. [[Dr. Dre]]'s 1992 album ''[[The Chronic]]'' provided a template for modern [[gangsta rap]], and gave rise to other emerging artists of the genre, including [[Snoop Dogg]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/jan/03/thegoldenageofhiphop|work=The Guardian|location=UK|title=The missing link of hip-hop's golden age|date=3 January 2008|access-date=17 September 2011|first1=Allan|last1=McGee}}</ref> Due to the success of [[Death Row Records]] and Tupac Shakur, [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early-to-mid 1990s, along with [[Bad Boy Records]] and the Notorious B.I.G. on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.spin.com/2009/11/myth-no-4-biggie-tupac-are-hip-hops-pillars/|website=Spin|title=MYTH No. 4: Biggie & Tupac Are Hip-Hop's Pillars|date=9 November 2009|access-date=4 September 2011|first1=Jon|last1=Caramanica}}</ref> Hip hop became the best-selling music genre by the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/07/hiphop-heritage-public-enemy-krs-one|work=The Guardian|location=UK|title=The hip-hop heritage society|date=7 October 2010|access-date=8 November 2011|first1=Angus|last1=Batey}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/02/09/guitar.hero.gone/|work=CNN|title=The music dies for once popular 'Guitar Hero' video game|date=9 February 2011|first1=Michael|last1=Martinez|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811065922/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-09/us/guitar.hero.gone_1_music-genre-air-guitar-guitar-center?_s=PM%3AUS|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

1994 became a breakthrough year for [[punk rock in California]], with the success of bands like [[Bad Religion]], [[Social Distortion]], [[Blink-182]], [[Green Day]], [[the Offspring]], [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade. The 1990s also became the most important decade for [[ska punk]]/[[reggae fusion|reggae rock]], with the success of many bands like [[Smash Mouth]], [[Buck-O-Nine]], [[Goldfinger (band)|Goldfinger]], [[Less Than Jake]], [[the Mighty Mighty Bosstones]], [[Murphy's Law (band)|Murphy's Law]], [[No Doubt]], [[Reel Big Fish]], [[Save Ferris]], [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]] and [[Sugar Ray]].

The [[rave music|rave]] movement that emerged in the late 1980s continued to grow in popularity. This movement spawned genres such as [[Intelligent dance music]] and [[Drum and bass]]. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and [[Breakbeat hardcore|breakbeat]]. Popular artists included [[Moby]], [[Fatboy Slim]], [[Björk]], [[Aphex Twin]], [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]], [[the Orb]], [[the Chemical Brothers]], [[Basement Jaxx]], [[Todd Terry]], [[808 State]], [[Primal Scream]], [[the Shamen]], [[the KLF]] and [[the Prodigy]].

The rise of [[industrial music]], somewhat a fusion of [[synthpop]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], rose to worldwide popularity with bands like [[Godflesh]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Rammstein]], [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] and [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]]. [[Groove metal]] was born through the efforts of [[Pantera]], whose seventh studio album ''[[Far Beyond Driven]]'' (1994) was notable for going number one on [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal, which mixed metal with hip hop influences, became popular with bands like [[Korn]], [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] and [[Limp Bizkit]] selling millions of albums worldwide. [[Metallica]]'s 1991 eponymous album ''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]'' is the best-selling album of the [[Soundscan|SoundScan]] era, while [[extreme metal]] acts such as [[Death (metal band)|Death]], [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]], [[Darkthrone]], [[Emperor (Norwegian band)|Emperor]], [[Cannibal Corpse]] and others experienced popularity throughout the decade.

====Country music====
In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to [[Billy Ray Cyrus]], [[Shania Twain]] and [[Garth Brooks]].<ref name="Country Worldwide">{{cite news |date=19 August 1992 |title=Country is No. 1 musical style |newspaper=Reading Eagle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0LYxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1510,3298161 |access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Country Worldwide2">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Bret |date=27 September 1992 |title=Country music reflects the time |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TjQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=4760,3698051 |access-date=26 July 2010 |publisher=Herald-Journal}}</ref><ref name="Country Worldwide3">{{cite news |last=Hurst |first=Jack |date=25 November 1993 |title=Country music is making waves across the seas |work=The Star |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/504338431.html?dids=504338431:504338431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+25%2C+1993&author=Jack+Hurst&pub=The+Record&desc=Country+music+is+making+waves+across+the+seas&pqatl=google |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-date=6 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506081606/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/504338431.html?dids=504338431:504338431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+25%2C+1993&author=Jack+Hurst&pub=The+Record&desc=Country+music+is+making+waves+across+the+seas&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref> The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The [[RIAA]] has certified his recordings at a combined (128× [[RIAA certification|platinum]]), denoting roughly 113 million United States shipments.<ref>{{cite web |title=RIAA.com |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626051113/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS |archive-date=26 June 2007 |access-date=1 February 2011 |publisher=RIAA.com}}</ref>

Other artists that experienced success during this time included [[Clint Black]], [[Sammy Kershaw]], [[Aaron Tippin]], [[Travis Tritt]], [[Suzy Bogguss]], [[Alan Jackson]], [[Lorrie Morgan]] and the newly formed duo of [[Brooks & Dunn]]. [[George Strait]], whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. Female artists such as [[Reba McEntire]], [[Faith Hill]], [[Martina McBride]], [[Deana Carter]], [[LeAnn Rimes]] and [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]] all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. Rimes, a teenager at the time, spawned a "teen movement" in country music; with fellow teen artists [[Lila McCann]], [[Jessica Andrews]], [[Billy Gillman]], and others following suit; a feat that hasn't been duplicated since [[Tanya Tucker]] and [[Marie Osmond]] in the early 1970s. The [[Dixie Chicks]] became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album ''[[Wide Open Spaces (album)|Wide Open Spaces]]'' went on to become certified 12× platinum, while their 1999 album ''[[Fly (Dixie Chicks album)|Fly]]'' went on to become 10× platinum.

====R&B and related====
Contemporary [[quiet storm]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] continued to be quite popular among adult audiences originating from African-American communities, which began during the 1980s. Popular African-American contemporary R&B artists included [[Mariah Carey]], [[D'Angelo]], [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[En Vogue]], [[TLC (band)|TLC]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[Toni Braxton]], [[Boyz II Men]], [[Dru Hill]], [[Vanessa Williams]] and [[Janet Jackson]].

Also, British R&B artists [[Sade (singer)|Sade]] (active since 1982), [[Des'Ree]] and [[Mark Morrison]] became quite popular during this decade.

====Music from around the world====
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| footer            = [[Blur (band)|Blur]] (left) and [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] (right) became some of the most internationally popular [[Britpop]] bands of the decade.
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In the [[United Kingdom]], the alternative rock [[Britpop]] genre emerged as part of the more general [[Cool Britannia]] culture, with [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] (already founded in 1978), [[Blur (band)|Blur]] (active since 1988), [[Ocean Colour Scene]] (since 1989), [[Suede (band)|Suede]] (existing since 1989 with hiatus), [[the Verve]] (1990–1993), [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] (formed in 1991), [[Elastica]] (1992–2001), [[Ash (band)|Ash]] (since 1992), [[Supergrass]] (1993–2022 with hiatus) and [[Kula Shaker]] (since 1995) serving as popular examples of this emergence.

The impact of boy band pop sensation [[Take That]], founded in 1990, lead to the formation of other boy bands in the UK and Ireland, such as [[East 17]] in 1991 and the Irish boy band [[Boyzone]] in 1993. Female pop icons [[Spice Girls]] took the world by storm since 1994, becoming the most commercially successful British group since [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[Led Zeppelin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/10_october/19/spice.shtml|title=BBC - Press Office - New Spice Girls documentary on BBC One|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/31/newsid_2494000/2494855.stm|work=BBC News|title=1998: Ginger leaves the Spice Girls|date=31 May 1998|access-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> Their global success brought about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world<ref>{{cite web|title=Teen Pop Music: A Guide|url=http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/teenpop.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211142900/http://top40.about.com/od/popmusic101/p/teenpop.htm|archive-date=11 February 2009|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/teen-pop-ma0000002895|website=[[AllMusic]]|title=Teen Pop|access-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref> such as [[All Saints (group)|All Saints]], [[Backstreet Boys]] (both formed in 1993) as well as American acts as [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] (from 1992), [[NSYNC]] (1995–2002, reunited 2003), [[Britney Spears]] and [[Christina Aguilera]] who came to prominence into the new millennium.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/may/25/workandcareers.worklifebalance|work=The Guardian|location=UK|title=They don't live for work ... they work to live|date=25 May 2008|access-date=21 July 2011|first1=Anushka|last1=Ashthana}}</ref>

Many musicians from Canada, such as [[Celine Dion]], [[Maestro Fresh Wes]], [[Snow (musician)|Snow]], [[Barenaked Ladies]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Len (band)|Len]], [[Sarah McLachlan]], and [[Alanis Morissette]] became known worldwide.
[[File:Soda Stereo '84.png|thumb|Most commercially successful rock band from Latin America, [[Soda Stereo]]]]
[[Argentine rock|Argentine rock music]] continues to be commercially successful and culturally relevant throughout the 1990s. [[Soda Stereo]], the most famous rock band of Latin America reached new heights with their album ''[[Canción Animal]]'' in 1990, which contained great anthems of Argentine Rock, such as ''[[De Música Ligera]]'', ''Té para tres'' and ''Entre Caníbales''. Many bands of the [[Underground music|Underground scene]] become mainstream, such as [[hard rock]] band, [[La Renga]], [[post-punk]] band [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota|Los Redondos]] and [[alternative rock]] band [[Babasónicos]]. Also [[Charly García]] and [[Fito Páez]] would continue their successful solo careers, the latter with one of hist most famous albums, ''[[Circo Beat]]'', and his classic song, [[:es:Mariposa_tecknicolor|''Mariposa Tecknicolor'']].

In 1991, Australian children's music group [[The Wiggles]].

In Japan, the [[J-pop]] genre emerged as part of the more general [[Heisei era|Heisei Power]] cultural movement, with [[B'z]], [[Mr. Children]], [[Southern All Stars]], [[Yumi Matsutoya]], [[Dreams Come True (band)|Dreams Come True]], [[Glay]], [[Zard]], [[Hikaru Utada]], [[Namie Amuro]], [[SMAP]], [[Chage and Aska]], [[L'Arc-en-Ciel]], [[Masaharu Fukuyama]], [[Globe (band)|Globe]], [[Tube (band)|Tube]], [[Kome Kome Club]], [[Maki Ohguro]], [[Tatsuro Yamashita]], [[TRF (band)|TRF]], [[Speed (Japanese band)|Speed]], [[Wands (band)|Wands]], and [[Field of View]] became more popular for Japanese youth audiences during the [[Lost Decades]].

The [[Tibetan Freedom Concert]], organized by [[Beastie Boys]] and the [[Milarepa Fund]], brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for [[Tibet]] from China.

====Controversies====
[[File:Blink-182 at the Showcase Theater in Corona July 18,1995.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Blink-182]] performing in 1995, whose 1999 album ''[[Enema of The State]]'' became a pivotal moment for contemporary [[pop punk]]]]

Controversy surrounded [[the Prodigy]] with the release of the track "[[Smack My Bitch Up]]". The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the song's lyrics, which are themselves sampled from [[Ultramagnetic MCs]]' "Give the Drummer Some". The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video, the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.

====Deaths of artists====
1991 also saw the death of [[Queen (band)|Queen]] frontman [[Freddie Mercury]] from AIDS-related pneumonia. Next to this [[Kurt Cobain]], [[Selena]], [[Eazy-E]], [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[the Notorious B.I.G.]] were the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively. [[Richey Edwards]] of [[Manic Street Preachers]] was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving [[Steve Lamacq]] backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards' disappearance in 1995 was highly publicized. He is still missing but was presumed dead in 2008.