Editing University of Michigan (section)

==== Collegiate secret societies ====

The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed.
* [[Order of Angell|Michigauma]], more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with university president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the "tomb", but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Michigamua Image Gallery |url = http://www.goodspeedupdate.com/michigamua-images.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210504121125/http://goodspeedupdate.com/michigamua-images.html |archive-date = May 4, 2021 |access-date = May 9, 2008 }}</ref> Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a [[secret society]], but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in ''[[The Michigan Daily]]'' and the ''[[Michiganensian]]'', and online since 2006 reforms.
* Adara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Horne |first = Brooke Van |date = January 1, 1970 |title = Phoenix, a secret society at U-M, votes to disband permanently |url = https://www.michigandaily.com/campus-life/phoenix-female-only-secret-society-u-m-votes-disband/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202922/https://www.michigandaily.com/campus-life/phoenix-female-only-secret-society-u-m-votes-disband/ |archive-date = June 24, 2021 |access-date = June 21, 2021 |website = The Michigan Daily |language = en-US }}</ref> In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua.
* Vulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]]. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering.