Editing Think tank (section)

=== European think tanks ===
==== Belgium ====
[[Brussels]] hosts most of the European Institutions, hence a large number of international think tanks are based there. Notable think tanks are [[Bruegel (institution)|Bruegel]], the [[Centre for European Policy Studies]] (CEPS), [[Centre for the New Europe]] (CNE), the [[ECIPE|European Centre of International Political Economy]] (ECIPE), the [[European Policy Centre]] (EPC), the Friends of Europe, the [[Global Governance Institute]] (GGI), [[Liberales]], and [[Sport and Citizenship]], among others.

==== Bulgaria ====
Bulgaria has a number of think tanks providing expertise and shaping policies, including [[Institute of Modern Politics]].

==== Czech Republic ====
* The [[European Values Think-Tank]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cisar |first=Ondrej |title=Think Tank and Policy Discourses in the Czech Republic |url=https://www.academia.edu/9354764 |website=Academia |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228184044/https://www.academia.edu/9354764 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Prague Security Studies Institute]] (PSSI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prague Security Studies Institute |url=https://pssi.cz/ |publisher=Pssi.cz |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319153959/https://www.pssi.cz/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Denmark ====
* [[CEPOS]] is a classic libertarian/free-market conservative think tank in Denmark.

==== Finland ====
Finland has several small think tanks that provide expertise in very specific fields. Notable think tanks include:

* [[Åland Islands Peace Institute]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Activities |language=en-gb |work=Åland Islands Peace Institute – Ålands fredsinstitut |url=http://www.peace.ax/en/about-us/activities |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325050946/http://www.peace.ax/en/about-us/activities |archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Demos Helsinki]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demos Helsinki |url=https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/demos-helsinki/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=onthinktanks.org |publisher=On Think Tanks |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904124921/https://onthinktanks.org/think-tank/demos-helsinki/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats]] (Hybrid CoE)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Standish |first=Reid |date=18 January 2018 |title=Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/01/18/inside-a-european-center-to-combat-russias-hybrid-warfare/ |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Foreign Policy |quote=Located in an unassuming office building filled with boardrooms, lecture halls, and projectors in the Finnish capital, a new entity under the joint auspices of the European Union and NATO was founded with a herculean mission. [...] In this vein, the hybrid center is more of an in-house think tank than a task force dedicated to debunking propaganda or tracking hackers in cyberspace. |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118153838/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/01/18/inside-a-european-center-to-combat-russias-hybrid-warfare/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Crisis Management Initiative]] (CMI)<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2017 |title=Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) |language=en-US |work=Institute for NGO Research |url=https://www.ngo-monitor.org/ngos/crisis-management-initiative-cmi/ |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070753/https://www.ngo-monitor.org/ngos/crisis-management-initiative-cmi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Research Institute of the Finnish Economy]] (Etla)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Activities in a nutshell: Research, forecasting and policy assessment |language=en-US |work=Etla |url=https://www.etla.fi/en/etla/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225454/https://www.etla.fi/en/etla/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Finnish Institute of International Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.fiia.fi/en/introduction |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=FIIA – The Finnish Institute of International Affairs |language=en-GB |quote=The Finnish Institute of International Affairs is a research institute whose mission is to produce high quality, topical information on international relations and the EU. |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165310/https://www.fiia.fi/en/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref>
In addition to specific independent think tanks, the largest political parties have their own think tank organizations. This is mainly due to support granted by state for such activity. Examples of such think tanks are the {{ill|Green Think Tank Visio|fi|Vihreä Svistysliitto#Ajatuspaja_Visio}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajatuspaja Visio |url=https://ajatuspajavisio.fi/in-english/ |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref> and [[Suomen Perusta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamminen |first=Jenni |title=Perussuomalaiset aloitti jättiselvityksen |url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/perussuomalaiset-aloitti-jattiselvityksen/9a50bcce-4224-325d-8150-e6cc96d52a43 |website=Uusi Suomi |date=28 October 2012 |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514112950/https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/perussuomalaiset-aloitti-jattiselvityksen/9a50bcce-4224-325d-8150-e6cc96d52a43 |url-status=live }}</ref> The corporate world has focused their efforts to central representative organization [[Confederation of Finnish Industries]], which acts as think tank in addition to negotiating salaries with workers unions. Furthermore, there is the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (''Elinkeinoelämän valtuuskunta'', EVA). Agricultural and regional interests, associated with The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (''Maa- ja metsätaloustuottajain Keskusliitto'', MTK) and the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]], are researched by Pellervo Economic Research (''Pellervon taloustutkimus'', PTT). The [[Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions]] (''Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö'', SAK) and the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democratic Party]] are associated with the Labour Institute for Economic Research (''Palkansaajien tutkimuslaitos'', PT). Each of these organizations often release forecasts concerning the national economy.

==== France ====
The [[Institut français des relations internationales|French Institute of International Relations]] (IFRI) was founded in 1979 and is the third oldest think tank of western Europe, after Chatham House (UK, 1920) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sweden, 1960). The primary goals of IFRI are to develop applied research in the field of public policy related to international issues, and foster interactive and constructive dialogue between researchers, professionals, and opinion leaders. France also hosts the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]] (EUISS), a [[Paris]]-based [[agency of the European Union]] and think tank researching security issues of relevance for the [[European Union|EU]]. There are also a number of pro-business think tanks, notably the Paris-based Fondation Concorde.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fondation Concorde |url=http://www.fondationconcorde.com/ |access-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=Fondation Concorde |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729193630/http://www.fondationconcorde.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation focuses on increasing the competitiveness of French SME's and aims to revive entrepreneurship in France.

On the left, the main think tanks in France are the [[Fondation Jean-Jaurès]], which is organizationally linked to the [[French Socialist Party]], and [[Terra Nova (think tank)|Terra Nova]]. Terra Nova is an independent left-leaning think tank, although it is nevertheless considered to be close to the Socialists. It works on producing reports and analyses of current public policy issues from a progressive point of view, and contributing to the intellectual renewal of social democracy.

The only French Think Tank mentioned in the "think tanks to watch" list of the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report<ref>{{Cite web |last=James G. McGann |title=2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=Repository.upenn.edu |format=PDF |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507081229/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks |url-status=live }}</ref> {{ill|GenerationLibre|fr}} is a French think tank created by Gaspard Koenig in 2013, independent from all political parties, which aims at promoting freedoms in France, in terms of fundamental rights, economics and societal issues. GenerationLibre is described as being able to connect to the right on pro business freedom and regulations issues but also to the left on issues such as basic income, gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.

==== Germany ====
In Germany all of the major parties are loosely associated with research foundations that play some role in shaping policy, but generally from the more disinterested role of providing research to support policymakers than explicitly proposing policy. These include the [[Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung]] ([[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]]-aligned), the [[Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]-aligned), the [[Hanns Seidel Foundation|Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung]] ([[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]]-aligned), the {{Lang|de|[[Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung]]|italic=no}} ([[Green Party (Germany)|aligned with the Greens]]), [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]] ([[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party-aligned]]) and the [[Rosa Luxemburg Foundation]] (aligned with [[The Left (Germany)|Die Linke]]).

The [[German Institute for International and Security Affairs]] is a foreign policy think tank. [[Atlantic Community]] is an independent, [[non-partisan]] and [[non-profit]] organization set up as a joint project of Atlantische Initiative e.V. and Atlantic Initiative United States. The [[Institute for Media and Communication Policy]] deals with media-related issues. [[Transparency International]] is a think tank on the role of corporate and political corruption in international development.

==== Greece ====
{{Main|List of Greek think tanks}}
In Greece there are many think tanks, also called research organisations or institutes.

==== Ireland ====
{{See also|Category:Think tanks based in the Republic of Ireland}}
* The [[Economic and Social Research Institute]] (ESRI) is an independent research institute in Dublin, Ireland. Its research focuses on Ireland's economic and social development to inform policy-making and societal understanding.
* The [[Institute of International and European Affairs]] (IIEA) focuses on European and International affairs.
* The [[Iona Institute]] is a conservative, Catholic think tank.
* [[TASC (think tank)|TASC]] (Think tank for Action on Social Change) is an Irish left-wing think tank.
* Transhuman Corporation is a research think tank that focuses on cyber and technology development.

==== Italy ====
* [[Bruno Leoni Institute]]
* [[Future Italy]]
* [[ISPI]] – Italian Institute for International Political Studies
* [[Istituto Affari Internazionali]]
* [[Trinità dei Monti (think tank)|Trinità dei Monti]]

==== Latvia ====
While think tanks are not widespread in Latvia, as opposed to single-issue advocacy organizations, there are several noticeable institutions in the Latvian think tank landscape:
* The oldest think tank in Latvia is [[the Latvian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://liia.lv/en/about-us/ |access-date=2016-07-29 |website=Liia.lv |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208144438/http://liia.lv/en/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> LIIA is a non governmental and non partisan foundation, established in 1992, and their research and advocacy mainly focuses on Latvian foreign policy; Transatlantic relations; European Union policies, including its neighborhood policy and Eastern Partnership; and multilateral and bilateral relations with Russia.
* Centre for Public policy PROVIDUS<ref>{{Cite web |title=providus.lv |url=http://www.providus.lv/ |access-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=providus.lv |archive-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724020018/http://providus.lv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is a non governmental and non partisan association, established in 2002. Providus focuses their work (both research and advocacy) on topics especially relevant in transition and post-transition environments and Latvia in particular: good governance; criminal justice policy; tolerance and inclusive public policy and European policy.

Several think tanks are established and operate under the auspices of Universities, such as:
* Centre for European and transition studies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for European and Transition Studies – University of Latvia |url=http://www.lu.lv/cets/ |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=Lu.lv |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820151502/http://www.lu.lv/cets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is a think tank working under the auspices of the University of Latvia, the largest public university in the country. CETS was established in 2000.
* or Defense research centre<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=Latvijas Nacionālā aizsardzības akadēmija |url=http://www.naa.mil.lv/lv/Zinatne/Zinatnu_centra_merkis_un_darbiba.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105236/http://www.naa.mil.lv/lv/Zinatne/Zinatnu_centra_merkis_un_darbiba.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=19 February 2018 }}</ref> in 1992 under the auspices of the National Academy of Defense.

==== Lithuania ====
Vilnius Institute for Policy Analysis (VIPA) is an independent non-governmental, non-profit, non-partisan policy think tank in Lithuania whose mission is to stand for the principles of open society, liberal democracy, rule of law and human rights. VIPA acts via advocacy for strong and safe European Union, analyzing and advocating for anti-authoritarian, transparent, and open governance ideas in Central and Eastern Europe, is an opinion leader offering an alternative opinion to the public versus populism, radicalism, and authoritarian trends, reinforcing active citizens' participation in decision making, analyzing fake news, disinformation, and offering media literacy initiatives, putting forward solutions to improve the accountability, transparency, and openness of Lithuania's [[public sector]], building a network of open society values oriented experts, civil activists and NGO's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=vilniusinstitute.lt |url=https://vilniusinstitute.lt/en/apie/ |access-date=14 November 2020 |publisher=vilniusinstitute.lt |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114150213/https://vilniusinstitute.lt/en/apie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Netherlands ====
All major political parties in the Netherlands have state-sponsored research foundations that play a role in shaping policy. The Dutch government also has its own think tank: the [[Scientific Council for Government Policy]]. The Netherlands furthermore hosts the [[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael]], or Clingendael Institute, an independent think tank and diplomatic academy which studies various aspects of [[international relations]].

==== Poland ====
There is a large pool of think tanks in Poland on a wide variety of subjects. The oldest state-sponsored think tank is [[Western Institute|The Western Institute]] in Poznań (Polish: ''Instytut Zachodni''). The second oldest is the [[Polish Institute of International Affairs]] (PISM) established in 1947. Another notable state-sponsored think tank is the [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (OSW), which specializes in the countries neighboring Poland and in the Baltic Sea region, the Balkans, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Among the private think tanks notable organizations include the [[Institute for Structural Research]] (IBS) on economic policy, [[The Casimir Pulaski Foundation]] on foreign policy, the [[Institute of Public Affairs, Poland|Institute of Public Affairs]] (ISP) on social policy, and the [[Instytut Sobieskiego|Sobieski Institute]].

==== Portugal ====
Founded in 1970, the [[SEDES]] is one of the oldest Portuguese civic associations and think tanks. [[Contraditório think tank]] was founded in 2008. Contraditório is a non-profit, independent and non-partisan think tank.

==== Romania ====
The [[Romanian Academic Society]] (SAR), founded in 1996, is a Romanian think tank for policy research.

==== Russia ====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Valdai Discussion Club]]
* [[Izborsky Club]]{{div col end}}

==== Serbia ====
The Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) was founded in 2005 by the [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Economics|Belgrade University's Faculty of Economics]].

==== Slovakia ====
Think tanks originating in Slovakia:

* [[GLOBSEC]] – Global think tank committed to enhancing security, prosperity and sustainability in Europe and throughout the world.
* [[Central European Labour Studies Institute]] or ''CELSI'' (''Stredoeurópsky inštitút pre výskum práce'' in [[Slovak language|Slovak]]) – Central-european think tank which specializes in broadly defined labor issues, labour markets, and labor policy.
* [[Forum Minority Research Institute]] (''Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet'' or ''Fórum Intézet'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and ''Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín'' or ''Fórum inštitút'' in [[Slovak language|Slovak]]) – Think tank focusing on ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, especially Hungarians.

International think tanks with presence in Slovakia:
* [[Institute of Public Affairs]] (''Inštitút pre verejné otázky'' or ''IVO'' in [[Slovak language|Slovak]]) – Australian-based think tank focusing on public policy issues.
* [[Open Society Foundations]] or ''OSF'' – US-based think tank with an aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media.
* [[Martens Centre]] (via the Anton Tunega Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |title=O nadácií – Nadácia Antona Tunegu |url=https://www.tunega.sk/o-nadacii/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=sk-SK |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101173505/https://www.tunega.sk/o-nadacii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) – Belgium-based think tank and political foundation of the European People's Party (EPP) which embodies a pan-European mindset and promotes Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political values.

==== Spain ====
The [[Elcano Royal Institute]] was created in 2001 following the example of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in the UK, although it is closely linked to (and receives funding from) the government in power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Chatham House |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/about |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=Chatham House |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508143330/https://www.chathamhouse.org/about |url-status=live }}</ref>

More independent but clearly to the left of the political spectrum are the Centro de Investigaciones de Relaciones Internacionales y Desarrollo (CIDOB) founded in 1973; and the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) established in 1999 by Diego Hidalgo and main driving force behind projects such as the Club de Madrid, a group of democratic former heads of state and government, the Foreign Policy Spanish Edition and [[DARA (international organization)|DARA]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Former Prime Minister [[José Maria Aznar]] presides over the Fundación para el Analisis y los Estudios Sociales ([[FAES]]), a policy institute that is associated with the conservative Popular Party (PP). Also linked to the PP is the Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos (GEES), which is known for its defense- and security-related research and analysis. For its part, the [[Fundación Alternativas]] is independent but close to left-wing ideas. The Socialist [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español]] (PSOE) created Fundación Ideas in 2009 and dissolved it in January 2014. Also in 2009, the centrist [[Union, Progress and Democracy]] (UPyD) created Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD).

==== Sweden ====
[[Timbro]] is a [[free market]] think tank and book publisher based in [[Stockholm]].

==== Switzerland ====
Think tanks based within Switzerland include:
* [[Avenir Suisse]], founded in 1999 by fifteen of the largest Swiss companies. It is supported by over 130 companies to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=avenir suisse &#124; think tank for economic and social issues |url=http://www.avenir-suisse.ch/en/ |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=Avenir-suisse.ch |archive-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722180239/http://www.avenir-suisse.ch/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[DCAF]], the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, founded in 2000 to research [[security sector governance and reform]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGann |first=James |year=2017 |title=2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/12 |journal=TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports |series=TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 12. |issue=12 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606205428/http://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/12/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute]] (GDI), conceived by [[Migros]]-founder [[Gottlieb Duttweiler]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDI – Geschichte |url=http://www.gdi.ch/de/ueber-uns/geschichte |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=Gdi.ch |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828235100/http://www.gdi.ch/de/ueber-uns/geschichte |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Horasis]], which hosts the annual [[Horasis Global Meeting]]
* [[Liberales Institut|Liberal Institute]], founded in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=twitter |url=http://www.libinst.ch/?i=home--en |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=Libinst.ch |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818190444/http://www.libinst.ch/?i=home--en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
There are more than 100 registered think tanks in [[Ukraine]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}, including:

* [[Centre of Policy and Legal Reform]] (CPLR), a non-governmental think tank founded in 1996.
* [[Center for Policy Studies in Ukraine]], a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994.
* [[International Centre for Policy Studies]], a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994.
* [[Razumkov Centre]], a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994. It carries out research of public policy in the following spheres: domestic policy; state administration; economic policy; energy; land relations; foreign policy; social policy; international and regional security; national security and defense.
* [[Transatlantic Dialogue Center]], a non-governmental think tank founded in 2021.

==== United Kingdom ====
{{See also|List of think tanks in the United Kingdom}}
In Britain, think tanks play a similar role to the United States, attempting to shape policy, and indeed there is some cooperation between British and American think tanks. For example, the London-based think tank [[Chatham House]] and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] were both conceived at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]] and have remained sister organisations.

The [[Bow Group]], founded in 1951, is the oldest centre-right think tank and many of its members have gone on to serve as Members of Parliament or Members of the European Parliament. Past chairmen have included [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Michael Howard]], [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s longest-serving Cabinet Minister [[Geoffrey Howe]], [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Norman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick|Norman Lamont]] and former [[British Telecom]] chairman [[Christopher Bland]].

Since 2000, a number of influential centre-right think tanks have emerged including [[Policy Exchange]], [[Centre for Social Justice]] and most recently [[Onward (think tank)|Onward]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Eaton |first=George |author-link=George Eaton (journalist) |date=18 May 2018 |title=Onward – the Tory think tank on a mission to remake conservatism |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/05/onward-tory-think-tank-mission-remake-conservatism |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>