Editing Sharia (section)

=== Support ===
A 2013 survey based on interviews of 38,000 Muslims, randomly selected from urban and rural parts in 39 countries using area probability designs, by the [[Pew Forum|Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life]] found that a majority—in some cases "overwhelming" majority—of Muslims in a number of countries support making "Sharia" or "Islamic law" the [[law of the land]], including Afghanistan (99%), Iraq (91%), Niger (86%), Malaysia (86%), Pakistan (84%), Morocco (83%), Bangladesh (82%), Egypt (74%), Indonesia (72%), Jordan (71%), Uganda (66%), Ethiopia (65%), Mali (63%), Ghana (58%), and Tunisia (56%).<ref name=pewssp15/> In Muslim regions of Southern-Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the support is less than 50%: Russia (42%), Kyrgyzstan (35%), Tajikistan (27%), Kosovo (20%), Albania (12%), Turkey (12%), Kazakhstan (10%), Azerbaijan (8%). Regional averages of support were 84% in South Asia, 77% in Southeast Asia, 74% in the Middle-East/North Africa, 64%, in Sub-Saharan Africa, 18% in Southern-Eastern Europe, and 12% in Central Asia .<ref name=pewssp15/>

However, while most of those who support implementation of Sharia favor using it in family and property disputes, fewer supported application of severe punishments such as whippings and cutting off hands, and interpretations of some aspects differed widely.<ref name=pewssp15>{{cite book |editor-first=Sandra |editor-last=Stence |year=2013 |others=Research: Alan Cooperman, Neha Sahgal, Jessica Hamar Martinez, et al. |title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society |publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |pages=15–19, 46, 147–48 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030223449/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the Pew poll, among Muslims who support making Sharia the law of the land, most do not believe that it should be applied to non-Muslims. In the Muslim-majority countries surveyed this proportion varied between 74% (of 74% in Egypt) and 19% (of 10% in Kazakhstan), as percentage of those who favored making Sharia the law of the land.{{sfn|Stence|2013|p=48}}

In all of the countries surveyed, respondents were more likely to define Sharia as "the revealed word of God" rather than as "a body of law developed by men based on the word of God".<ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia|date=30 April 2013|access-date=18 April 2019|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323113645/https://news.gallup.com/poll/109072/many-turks-iranians-egyptians-link-sharia-justice.aspx|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In analyzing the poll, [[Amaney Jamal]] has argued that there is no single, shared understanding of the notions "Sharia" and "Islamic law" among the respondents. In particular, in countries where Muslim citizens have little experience with rigid application of Sharia-based state laws, these notions tend to be more associated with Islamic ideals like equality and social justice than with prohibitions.<ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=Conference Call Transcript: The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society|date=30 April 2013|access-date=18 April 2019|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-event-transcript/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418211542/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-event-transcript/|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other polls have indicated that for Egyptians, the word "Sharia" is associated with notions of political, social and gender justice.<ref>Jonathan A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad, p. 131.</ref>

In 2008, [[Rowan Williams]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, has suggested that Islamic and [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] courts should be integrated into the British legal system alongside ecclesiastical courts to handle marriage and divorce, subject to agreement of all parties and strict requirements for protection of equal rights for women.<ref name="feldman">{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Noah |title=Why Shariah? |date=16 March 2008 |newspaper=New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427090249/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> His reference to the Sharia sparked a controversy.<ref name="feldman" /> Later that year, [[Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers|Nicholas Phillips]], then [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]], stated that there was "no reason why Sharia principles [...] should not be the basis for mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharia law 'could have UK role' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=4 September 2016 |date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921024521/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm |archive-date=21 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2008 YouGov poll in the United Kingdom found 40% of Muslim students interviewed supported the introduction of Sharia into British law for Muslims.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/2461830/Killing-for-religion-is-justified-say-third-of-Muslim-students.html Killing for religion is justified, say third of Muslim students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211225254/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/2461830/Killing-for-religion-is-justified-say-third-of-Muslim-students.html |date=11 February 2018 }} The Telegraph (26 July 2008)</ref> [[Michael Broyde]], professor of law at [[Emory University]] specializing in [[alternative dispute resolution]] and [[Jewish law]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/broyde-profile.html |title=Michael J. Broyde |website=Emory University School of Law |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715192523/http://law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/broyde-profile.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> has argued that Sharia courts can be integrated into the American religious arbitration system, provided that they adopt appropriate institutional requirements as American rabbinical courts have done.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Volokh Conspiracy, via Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/06/30/sharia-in-america/ |author=Michael Broyde |title=Sharia in America |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701103548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/06/30/sharia-in-america/ |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>