Editing Saka (section)

===Later depictions of "Sakas" in China (1st-3rd century AD)===
Numerous depictions of foreigners of Saka appearance appear in China around the [[Eastern Han]] period (25–220 AD), sometimes as far east as [[Shandong]]. They may have appeared in relation with the conflicts against the Scythoïd [[Xirong]] in the west or the [[Donghu people]] in the North, or the [[Kushans]] in the area of [[Xinjiang]]. They were generally called ''"[[Hu (people)|Hu]]"'' by the Chinese.<ref name="SKA"/><ref name="SS"/><ref name="BZ"/>
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File:Mingqi (Chinese funerary statuette) of a young western man, with scythian type caftan and conical hat reminiscent of early 3rd century CE Kushans. Later Han 3rd century CE. Guimet Museum (MA 4660).jpg|[[Mingqi]] (Chinese funerary statuette) of a young [[Central Asia]]n man, with Saka-type caftan and conical hat reminiscent of early 3rd century AD [[Kushans]]. [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Later Han]], 3rd century AD. [[Guimet Museum]] (MA 4660).<ref name="SKA">{{cite book |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Sharofiddin |title=Tadjikistan : au pays des fleuves d'or |date=2021 |publisher=Musée Guimet, Editions Snoeck |location=Paris, Gand |isbn=978-9461616272 |page=144}}</ref>
File:Hu and Han war narratives. Eastern Han Dynasty (151–153 CE). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city.png|Eastern Han tombs sometimes have depiction of battles between [[Donghu people|Hu]] barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han Dynasty (151–153 AD). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city. Also visible in [[Yinan tombs]].<ref name="BZ">{{cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Zhicheng |title=Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |date=2019 |pages=175–177 |volume=368 |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf}}</ref>
File:Han monumental statues of Barbarian (山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像).png|General appearance of the numerous [[Scythians|Scythoïd]] ''[[Hu (people)|Hu]]'' monumental statues from [[Shandong]], featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. [[Eastern Han]] period.<ref name="SS">Several photographs and descriptions in: {{cite journal |last1=徐 |first1=龙国 |title=山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像再研究 |journal=美术研究 (Art Research) |date=2017 |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/2017/20170912xulongguo.pdf| quote=<br>上述石雕像为胡人形象，对此学者们均无异议。胡人是我国古代中原汉人对北方和西方异族的通称。在汉人的认知领域，胡人的概念比较模糊，大致也有个变化的过程。先秦时的胡，专指匈奴，汉晋时期泛指匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌，"胡人"的范围已由北方逐渐扩大到西部族群。<br>"The above-mentioned stone statues are images of Hu people, and scholars have no objection to this. Hu people are the general name given by the Han people in the Central Plains of our country to the foreign ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. In the cognitive field of Han people, the concept of Hu people is relatively vague, and it has a tendency to change with time. The Hu in the pre-Qin period refers specifically to the Xiongnu, but in the Han and Jin dynasties generally Hu refers to the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang. The scope of "Hu people" also expanded from the north to the west."<br>山东发现的这种高鼻深目、头戴尖帽的胡人形象，很可能是与斯基泰人文化有关的某些白种民族，并推测可能是月氏或早于月氏的民族<br>"The image of a barbarian with a high nose, deep eyes, and a pointed hat found in Shandong is likely to be some white ethnic group related to the Scythian culture, and it is speculated that it may be the Yuezhi or an ethnic group earlier than the Yuezhi."}}</ref>
File:Yinan battle scene, 2nd century CE, Eastern Han (Hu attack).png|[[Yinan tombs]] relief, depicting an attack by Hu barbarians with pointed hats, bow and arrows. 2nd century AD, Eastern Han.<ref name="Hu">{{cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Zhicheng |title=Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |date=2019 |volume=368 |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf|quote=This type of composition is characteristic of the reliefs  describing the Hu and Han war found in the Wurongci Temple and Wukaimingci Temple in Jiaxiang County, as well as of the image on the table at the entrance to the Yinan Beizhai tomb in the Linyi city. These works have a symmetrical composition with the center in the form of a bridge.}}</ref>
File:Hu statue columns from Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 Han period tomb in Linyi, Shandong.jpg|''[[Donghu people|Hu]]'' statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), [[Han dynasty]] period, [[Linyi]], Shandong.<ref name="doi.org">{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=Liu |last2=Bing |first2=Huang |title=The hybrid origin of the dragon-wrapped column in Han dynasty China |journal=Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering |date=2023 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1970–1994 |doi=10.1080/13467581.2022.2153057 |s2cid=256778140 |url=|quote=Other evidence to support our argument is that Western, Asian-style architectural elements such as Hu statue columns and arched doorways (Figure 35) indicate the influence of foreign styles in some of the large, high-grade Han pictorial stone tombs currently found in this region, such as the afore-mentioned Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 tomb in Linyi 臨 沂, Shandong.}}</ref>
File:Hu statue with lion column from Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 Han period tomb in Linyi, Shandong.jpg|''[[Donghu people|Hu]]'' statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), [[Han dynasty]] period, [[Linyi]], Shandong.<ref name="doi.org"/>
File:Foreigner hunting, circa 500 BCE, Gansu Museum.jpg|Man hunting, circa 500 BC, [[Gansu Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=线刻射猎纹骨管 |url=http://www.gansumuseum.com/dc/viewall-131.html |website=www.gansumuseum.com}}</ref>
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