Editing Russia (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Russia}}
{{See also|Timeline of Russian innovation|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}
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Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on [[research and development]] in 2019, with the world's [[List of countries by research and development spending|tenth-highest budget]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D |website=[[OECD]] Data |date=2017 |doi=10.1787/d8b068b4-en |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2020 |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=[[SCImago Journal Rank]]}}</ref> Since 1904, [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize]] were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in medicine|medicine]], [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|economy]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2019|script-title=ru:Кто из российских и советских ученых и литераторов становился лауреатом Нобелевской премии|trans-title=Which of the Russian and Soviet scientists and writers became the Nobel Prize laureate |url=https://tass.ru/info/7308739 |access-date=8 November 2020|script-website=ru:ТАСС |agency=[[TASS]] |language=ru|newspaper=Tacc }}</ref> Russia ranked 60th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, down from 45th in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |title=RUSSIAN FEDERATION |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], a prominent tutor, Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref name="math">{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |year=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |year=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]]|volume=1 }}</ref> Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the [[Fields Medal winners|Fields Medal]]. [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Frank |title=Manifolds with Density and Perelman's Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture |jstor=27642690 |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=134–142 |date=February 2009 |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/00029890.2009.11920920 |s2cid=6068179 }}</ref>
[[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]
[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov – Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z }}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1086/418982 |s2cid=85258634 }}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G }}</ref>

[[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centres]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience|pages=772–776 }}</ref> [[Trofim Lysenko]] was known mainly for [[Lysenkoism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhengrong |last2=Liu |first2=Yongsheng |year=2017 |title=Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=25 |number=10 |pages=1097–1098 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.117 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=5602018 |pmid=28905876}}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link= E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 23 |pages=58–89 |pmid= 11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title= The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date= 11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

==== Space exploration ====
[[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|thumb|[[Mir]], Russian [[space station]] that operated in [[low Earth orbit|LEO]]]]
[[Roscosmos]] is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of [[space technology]] and [[space exploration]] can be traced back to [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Sergey Korolyov]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others who contributed to the success of the [[Soviet space program]]me in the early stages of the [[Space Race]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}}

In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Many other Soviet and Russian [[space exploration records]] ensued. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-023A |title=Vostok 6 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]]  |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |publisher=BBC |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

In 1957, [[Laika]], a [[Soviet space dogs|Soviet space dog]], became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard [[Sputnik 2]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wellerstein |first=Alex |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero |title=Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref> In 1966, [[Luna&nbsp;9]] became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a [[Astronomical object|celestial body]], the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A |title=Luna 9 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]]  |access-date=1 June 2021 }}</ref> In 1968, [[Zond 5]] brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Betz |first=Eric |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-first-earthlings-around-the-moon-were-two-soviet-tortoises |title=The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=18 January 2022 }}</ref> In 1970, [[Venera&nbsp;7]] became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avduevsky |first1=V. S. |last2=Ya Marov |first2=M. |last3=Rozhdestvensky |first3=M. K. |last4=Borodin |first4=N. F. |last5=Kerzhanovich |first5=V. V. |date=1 March 1971 |title=Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |pages=263–269 |publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] |location=Moscow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume=28 |issue=2 |bibcode=1971JAtS...28..263A }}</ref> In 1971, [[Mars&nbsp;3]] became the first spacecraft to land on [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perminov |first=V.G. |title=The Difficult Road to Mars – A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union |date=July 1999 |publisher=[[NASA]] History Division |isbn=0-16-058859-6 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111920/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|34–60}} During the same period, ''[[Lunokhod-1|Lunokhod 1]]'' became the first [[space exploration rover]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |title=Lunokhod 01 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072547/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''[[Salyut&nbsp;1]]'' became the world's first [[space station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, Russia has 181 active satellites in space, which is the third-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> Between the final flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] programme in 2011 and the 2020 [[SpaceX]]'s [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|first crewed mission]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the [[International Space Station|ISS]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SpaceX successfully launches first crew to orbit, ushering in new era of spaceflight |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful |work=The Verge |date=30 May 2020}}</ref> [[Luna&nbsp;25]] launched in August 2023, was the first of the [[Luna-Glob]] Moon exploration programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia launches Luna-25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |work=Space.com |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>