Editing Reindeer (section)

=== Husbandry ===
{{Main|Reindeer herding}}
[[File:Archangel reindeer3.jpg|thumb|A team pulling a sled near [[Arkhangelsk Governorate|Arkhangelsk]], Russia, late 19th-century [[photochrom]]]]
[[File:Reindeer milking.jpg|thumb|Milking in [[Finnmark|Western Finnmark]], Norway, 19th century]]

The reindeer is the only successfully semi-domesticated deer on a large scale in the world. Reindeer in northern [[Fennoscandia]] (northern [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]) as well in the [[Kola Peninsula]] and [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]] in Russia, are mostly semi-domesticated reindeer, ear-marked by their owners. Some reindeer in the area are truly domesticated, mostly used as draught animals (nowadays commonly for tourist entertainment and races, traditionally important for the nomadic Sámi). Domestic reindeer have also been used for milk, e.g., in Norway.

There are only two genetically pure populations of wild reindeer in Northern Europe: wild mountain reindeer (''R. t. tarandus'') that live in central Norway, with a population in 2007 of between 6,000 and 8,400 animals;<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild reindeer in Norway|first=Erik|last=Lund|url=http://www.sami.uit.no/srh/norge.pdf#page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611235100/http://www.sami.uit.no/srh/norge.pdf#page=14|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> and wild Finnish forest reindeer (''R. t. fennicus'') that live in central and eastern Finland and in Russian [[Karelia]], with a population of about 4,350, plus 1,500 in [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] and 2,500 in [[Komi Republic|Komi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild Forest Reindeer|publisher=State Forest Enterprise of Finland|url=http://www.suomenpeura.fi/en/home-page.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410033658/http://www.suomenpeura.fi/en/home-page.html|archive-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> East of Arkhangelsk, both wild Siberian tundra reindeer (''R. t. sibiricus'') (some herds are very large) and domestic reindeer (''R. t. domesticus'') occur with almost no interbreeding by wild reindeer into domestic clades and none the other way (Kharzinova et al. 2018;<ref>Kharzinova, V.R.; Dotsev, A.V.; Deniskova, T.E.; Solovieva, A.D.; Fedorov, V.I.; Layshev, K.A.; Romanenko, T.M.; Okhlopkov, I.M.; Wimmers, K.; Reyer, H. (2018) Genetic diversity and population structure of domestic and wild reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus'' L. 1758): A novel approach using BovineHD BeadChip. PloS one 13: e0207944. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0207944}}</ref> Rozhkov et al. 2020<ref name="Rozhkov-2020" />).

DNA analysis indicates that reindeer were independently domesticated at least twice: in [[Fennoscandia]] and Western [[Russia]] (and possibly also Eastern Russia).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.0332 |title=Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=275 |issue=1645 |pages=1849–55|year=2008 |last1=Roed |first1=K. H |last2=Flagstad |first2=O. |last3=Nieminen |first3=M. |last4=Holand |first4=O. |last5=Dwyer |first5=M. J. |last6=Rov |first6=N. |last7=Vila |first7=C. |pmid=18460427 |pmc=2593925}}</ref> Reindeer have been [[Herding|herded]] for centuries by several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples, including the [[Sámi people|Sámi]], the [[Nenets people|Nenets]] and the [[Yakuts]]. They are raised for their meat, hides and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding, reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coastal and inland areas according to an annual migration route and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer were not bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or [[Working animal|beasts of burden]]. Millais (1915),<ref name="Millais-1915" /> for example, shows a photograph (Plate LXXX) of an "Okhotsk Reindeer" saddled for riding (the rider standing behind it) beside an officer astride a steppe pony that is only slightly larger. [[List of domesticated animals#Tame, partially domesticated, and widely captive-bred animals|Domestic reindeer]] are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In Scandinavia, management of reindeer herds is primarily conducted through ''[[siida]]'', a traditional Sámi form of cooperative association.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite journal|title=Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge |last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara |date=March 22, 2009 |journal=Northern Review |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref>

The use of reindeer for transportation is common among the nomadic peoples of the [[Russian North]] (but not anymore in Scandinavia). Although a sled drawn by 20 reindeer will cover no more than {{cvt|20|–|25|km}} a day (compared to {{cvt|7|–|10|km}} on foot, {{cvt|70|–|80|km}} by a dog sled loaded with cargo and {{cvt|150|–|180|km}} by a dog sled without cargo), it has the advantage that the reindeer will discover their own food, while a pack of 5–7 sled dogs requires {{cvt|10|–|14|kg}} of fresh fish a day.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kerblay|first=Basile|title=Русская культура. Этнографические очерки|trans-title=Russian Culture. Ethnographic notes|translator-first=Yaroslav|translator-last=Bogdanov|location=Saint Petersburg, Russia|publisher=Европейский дом |date=2008|page=149|language=ru}} (Referencing: {{cite book|editor1-last=Dolgikh|editor1-first=B.O.|editor2-last=Gurvich|editor2-first=I.S.|title=Преобразования в хозяйстве и культуре и этнические процессы у народов севера|trans-title=Transformations of Economy and Culture and Ethnic Processes of the Peoples of the North|location=Moscow|publisher=Nauka|date=1970|page=139 |language=ru}})</ref>

[[File:Reindeer hides for sale.jpg|thumb|Reindeer hides for sale in [[Sitka, Alaska]]]]

The use of reindeer as semi-domesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 19th century by the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]], with assistance from [[Sheldon Jackson]], as a means of providing a livelihood for [[Alaska Natives]].<ref>King, Irving H. (1996). ''The Coast Guard Expands'', pp. 86–91. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. {{ISBN|1-55750-458-X}}.</ref> Reindeer were imported first from Siberia and later also from Norway. A regular mail run in [[Wales, Alaska]], used a sleigh drawn by reindeer.<ref name="Govt. Print. Off">{{cite book |author1=United States. Bureau of Education |author2=United States. Bureau of Education. Alaska Division |title=Annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RcWb-PNMiMC&pg=PA18 |access-date=16 September 2011 |year=1905 |publisher=Govt. Print. Off. |pages=18–|volume=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101074445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6RcWb-PNMiMC&pg=PA18 |archive-date=1 January 2014 }}</ref> In Alaska, reindeer herders use [[satellite]] telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

[[Domestication|Domestic]] reindeer are mostly found in northern [[Fennoscandia]] and the [[Russian North]], with a herd of approximately 150–170 reindeer living around the [[Cairngorms]] region in [[Scotland]]. The last remaining wild tundra reindeer in Europe are found in portions of southern Norway.<ref name="newscientist.com">[https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4491 Europe's last wild reindeer herds in peril] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205174121/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4491 |date=5 February 2008}}. Newscientist. 19 December 2003. Retrieved on 16 September 2011.</ref> The International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry (ICR), a circumpolar organisation, was established in 2005 by the Norwegian government. ICR represents over 20 indigenous reindeer peoples and about 100,000 reindeer herders in nine different national states.<ref name="ICR2005">{{cite web |url=http://reindeerherding.org/ |title=Reindeer Herding: a virtual guide to reindeer and those who herd them |institution=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry (ICR), Government of Norway|location=Kautokeino|access-date=15 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229154038/http://reindeerherding.org/|archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref> In Finland, there are about 6,000 reindeer herders, most of whom keep small herds of less than 50 reindeer to raise additional income. With 185,000 reindeer ({{as of|2001|lc=yes}}), the industry produces {{convert|2,000|MT|ST}} of reindeer meat and generates 35 million euros annually. 70% of the meat is sold to slaughterhouses. Reindeer herders are eligible for national and EU [[Agricultural subsidy|agricultural subsidies]], which constituted 15% of their income. Reindeer herding is of central importance for the local economies of small communities in sparsely populated rural Sápmi.<ref>[http://www.paliskunnat.fi/kestava_porotalous/08_Suomen_porotalous.pdf Suomen porotalous] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019231911/http://www.paliskunnat.fi/kestava_porotalous/08_Suomen_porotalous.pdf |date=19 October 2013}}. paliskunnat.fi (in Finnish)</ref>
 	
Currently, many reindeer herders are heavily dependent on [[diesel fuel]] to provide for [[electric generator]]s and [[snowmobile]] transportation, although solar [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic]] systems can be used to reduce diesel dependency.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Technical viability of mobile solar photovoltaic systems for indigenous nomadic communities in northern latitudes |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=89 |pages=253–267 |year=2016 |last1=Obydenkova |first1=Svetlana V. |last2=Pearce |first2=Joshua M. |s2cid=110090767 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113570/file/Technical_viability_of_mobile_solar_phot.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.036|bibcode=2016REne...89..253O }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130" caption="[[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|Miniatures]] of reindeer from [[Olaus Magnus]]'s 1539 ''[[Carta marina]]''">
File:Carta Marina - milking reindeer.jpg|Milking
File:Carta Marina - reindeer crossing a frozen lake.jpg|Crossing frozen water
File:Carta Marina - reindeer-drawn waggon with bowman.jpg|Drawing a wagon
File:Carta Marina - reindeer-drawn sled.jpg|Drawing a one-man sled
File:Carta Marina - reindeer-mounted warriors.jpg|Reindeer-mounted cavalry
</gallery>