Editing Rationality (section)

==Criticism==
The concept of rationality has been subject to criticism by various philosophers who question its [[Universality (philosophy)|universality]] and capacity to provide a comprehensive understanding of reality and [[human existence]].

[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], in his work "[[Beyond Good and Evil]]" (1886), criticized the overemphasis on rationality and argued that it neglects the irrational and instinctual aspects of human nature. Nietzsche advocated for a [[Transvaluation of values|reevaluation of values]] based on individual perspectives and the [[will to power]], stating, "There are no facts, only interpretations."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nietzsche |first1=Friedrich |title=Jenseits von Gut und Böse |date=1886 |publisher=C. G. Naumann |location=Leipzig}}</ref>

[[Martin Heidegger]], in "[[Being and Time]]" (1927), offered a critique of the instrumental and calculative view of [[reason]], emphasizing the primacy of our everyday practical engagement with the world. Heidegger challenged the notion that rationality alone is the sole arbiter of truth and understanding.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heidegger |first1=Martin |title=Sein und Zeit |date=1927 |publisher=Max Niemeyer Verlag |location=Tübingen}}</ref>

[[Max Horkheimer]] and [[Theodor W. Adorno|Theodor Adorno]], in their seminal work "[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]"<ref>{{cite book |author1=Max Horkheimer |author2=Theodor Adorno |title=Dialectic of Enlightment |date=1947 |publisher=Querido Verlag |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> (1947), questioned the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]'s rationality. They argued that the dominance of instrumental reason in modern society leads to the domination of nature and the dehumanization of individuals. Horkheimer and Adorno highlighted how rationality narrows the scope of human experience and hinders critical thinking.

[[Michel Foucault]], in "[[Discipline and Punish]]"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foucault |first1=Michel |title=Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison |date=1975 |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |isbn=9782070291793}}</ref> (1975) and "[[The Birth of Biopolitics]]"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foucault |first1=Michel |title=The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979 |date=1979 |publisher=Galimard |location=Seuil |isbn=978-2020324014}}</ref> (1978), critiqued the notion of rationality as a neutral and objective force. Foucault emphasized the intertwining of rationality with power structures and its role in social control. He famously stated, "Power is not an institution, and not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategic situation in a particular society."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foucault |first1=Michel |title=Dits et écrits, 1954-1988 |date=1977 |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |isbn=2020324016}}</ref>

These philosophers' critiques of rationality shed light on its limitations, assumptions, and potential dangers. Their ideas challenge the universal application of rationality as the sole framework for understanding the complexities of human existence and the world.