Editing Portland, Oregon (section)

===City planning and development===
[[File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogv|thumb|Video of Portland's urban growth boundary. The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996.]]

The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1904, resulting in the development of [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] and the [[40-Mile Loop]] greenway, which connects many of the city's parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2009/09/the_40-mile_loop_more_than_a_b_1.html|work=The Oregonian|title=The 40-Mile Loop: More than a bike trail, and more than 40 miles|access-date=April 1, 2018|date=September 30, 2009}}</ref> Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong [[land use planning]] controls.<ref name="smartplan">{{cite web|date=May–June 2003|title=The 'Smart Growth' Debate Continues|url=http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html|access-date=November 7, 2006|publisher=Urban Mobility Corporation|archive-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306011023/http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor [[Tom McCall]], in particular the requirement for an [[urban growth boundary]] (UGB) for every city and metropolitan area. The opposite extreme, a city with few or no controls, is typically illustrated by [[Houston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2007/10/how_houston_get.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306050645/http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2007/10/how_houston_get.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2008|title=How Houston gets along without zoning – BusinessWeek|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/houston/2003-10-07-spotlight-zoning_x.htm|title=Houston: A city without zoning|work=USA Today|first=Sherry|last=Thomas|date=October 30, 2003|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=January 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116141557/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/houston/2003-10-07-spotlight-zoning_x.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDB103FF934A2575BC0A960948260|title=Focus Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning|work=The New York Times|author=Reinhold, Robert|date=August 17, 1986|access-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2006/04/10/editorial1.html|title=The only major U.S. city without zoning|work=Houston Business Journal|date=April 9, 2006|access-date=October 20, 2008|first=Bill|last=Schadewald}}</ref>

[[File:PDX1966PGEplant.jpg|thumb|left|1966 photo shows sawdust-fired power plant on the edge of downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development. High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission]]

Oregon's 1973 "[[urban growth boundary]]" law limits the boundaries for large-scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon.<ref name="metro_ugb">{{cite web|title=Urban growth boundary|url=http://www.oregonmetro.gov/index.cfm/go/by.web/id/277|publisher=Metro|access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> This limits access to utilities such as sewage, water and telecommunications, as well as coverage by fire, police and schools.<ref name="metro_ugb" /> Portland's urban growth boundary, adopted in 1979, separates urban areas (where high-density development is encouraged and focused) from traditional farm land (where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/Pages/goals.aspx|title=Statewide Planning Goals|work=Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along [[interstate highway]]s, in suburbs, and [[satellite city|satellite cities]].

The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries, but critics felt this was not being accomplished. In 1995, the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20-year supply of future housing at projected growth levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination|work=Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly|url=https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors197.html|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> In 2007, the legislature changed the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary, as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands.<ref name="pt_growth" /> The growth boundary, along with efforts of the Portland Development Commission to create economic development zones, has led to the development of a large portion of downtown, a large number of mid- and high-rise developments, and an overall increase in housing and business density.<ref name="ssp_portland">{{cite web|title=Portland – SkyscraperPage|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=29|access-date=June 4, 2008}}</ref>

[[Prosper Portland]] (formerly the Portland Development Commission) is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development; city voters created it in 1958 to serve as the city's [[urban renewal]] agency. It provides housing and economic development programs within the city and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects. In the early 1960s, the Portland Development Commission led the razing of a large Italian-Jewish neighborhood downtown, bounded roughly by I-405, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market street.<ref>{{cite web|work=Willamette Week|url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2017/08/22/portland-once-had-a-thriving-little-italy-what-the-hell-happened/|title=Portland Once Had a Thriving Little Italy – What the Hell Happened?|access-date=April 1, 2018|author=Korfhage, Matthew|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> Mayor [[Neil Goldschmidt]] took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area, which was seen as emptying out after 5 pm. The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since, with many thousands of new housing units clustered in three areas: north of Portland State University (between I-405, SW Broadway, and SW Taylor St.); the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam (I-5) bridge; and most notably in the Pearl District (between I-405, Burnside St., NW Northrup St., and NW 9th Ave.).

Historically, [[Environmentalism|environmental consciousness]] has weighed significantly in the city's planning and development efforts.<ref name=topgreen>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=Top 5 greenest cities in the world|date=March 1, 2010|via=GlobalPost|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/environment/2010/03/01/top-5-greenest-cities-in-the-world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304030648/http://blogs.reuters.com/environment/2010/03/01/top-5-greenest-cities-in-the-world/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2010|access-date=March 31, 2018|author=Hogdson, Beth}}</ref> Portland was one of the first cities in the United States to promote and integrate alternative forms of transportation, such as the [[MAX Light Rail]] and extensive bike paths.<ref name=topgreen/> The Urban Greenspaces Institute, housed in [[Portland State University]] Geography Department's Center for Mapping Research, promotes better integration of the built and natural environments. The institute works on urban park, trail, and natural areas planning issues, both at the local and regional levels.{{sfn|Platt|2006|p=43}} In October 2009, the Portland City Council unanimously adopted a [[Individual and political action on climate change|climate action]] plan that will cut the city's greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=57411|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921125734/http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=57411|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 21, 2013|title=Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan|author=Law, Steve|newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]|date=October 27, 2009|access-date=July 6, 2013}}</ref>

As of 2012, Portland was the largest city in the United States that did not add [[fluoride]] to its public water supply,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-portland-fluoridation-protests-20120912,0,619554.story|title=Portland joins fluoride bandwagon, will add it to water supply|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Muskal, Michael|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> and [[water fluoridation|fluoridation]] has historically been a subject of [[Water fluoridation controversy|controversy]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Williams, Heidi|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/09/portlands_fluoride_debate_hist.html|title=Portland's fluoride debate: History, timeline and official positions|date=September 12, 2012|work=The Oregonian|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> Portland voters have four times voted against fluoridation, in 1956, 1962, 1980 (repealing a 1978 vote in favor), and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=Blumgart, Jake|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/05/portland_fluoride_vote_will_medical_science_trump_fear_and_doubt.html|title=What's the Matter With Portland? The city has been fighting fluoridation for 50 years. Will facts trump fear this month?|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=May 17, 2013|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> In 2012 the city council, responding to advocacy from public health organizations and others, voted unanimously to begin fluoridation by 2014. Fluoridation opponents forced a public vote on the issue,<ref>{{cite web|author=Slovic, Beth|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/09/portland_votes_to_add_fluoride.html|title=Portland votes to add fluoride to its drinking water as opponents vow to stop the effort|work=The Oregonian|access-date=April 1, 2018|date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> and on May 21, 2013, city voters again rejected fluoridation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kost, Ryan|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/05/portland_fluoride_for_the_four.html|title=Portland fluoride: For the fourth time since 1956, Portland voters reject fluoridation|work=The Oregonian|date=May 21, 2013|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref>