Editing Naples (section)

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Naples|Canzone Napoletana|Music conservatories of Naples}}
[[File:Teatro San Carlo large view.jpg|thumb|left|The interior of the [[Teatro San Carlo]]]]
Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European art music for more than four centuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407141737/http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html |archive-date=7 April 2004 |publisher=AgendaOnline.it |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The first [[music conservatories of Naples|music conservatories]] were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The San Pietro a Majella music conservatory, founded in 1826 by [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies|Francesco I of Bourbon]], continues to operate today as both a prestigious centre of musical education and a musical museum.

During the late [[Baroque music|Baroque period]], [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], the father of [[Domenico Scarlatti]], established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of ''[[opera seria]]'', which was a new development for its time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |publisher=TimelineIndex.com |title=Timeline: Opera |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011113147/http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> Another form of opera originating in Naples is ''[[opera buffa]]'', a style of [[comic opera]] strongly linked to [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Battista Pergolesi]] and [[Niccolò Piccinni|Piccinni]]; later contributors to the genre included [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |publisher=ClassicalMusic.About.com |title=What is opera buffa? |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020233724/http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Teatro di San Carlo]], built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |publisher=WhatsOnWhen.com |title=Teatro San Carlo |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034609/http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli, tarantella 1903 (Naples, tarantella 1903).jpg|thumb|''Tarantella in Napoli'', a 1903 postcard]]
[[File:Mandolin MET DP169023.jpg|thumb|Neapolitan [[mandolin]]]]
The earliest [[six-string guitar]] was created by the Neapolitan Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779; the instrument is now referred to as the [[romantic guitar]]. The Vinaccia family also developed the [[mandolin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com |publisher=EarlyRomanticGuiar.com |title=Vinaccia 1779 |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315041934/http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com/ |archive-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=James |title=The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-19-816713-6 |date=24 October 2002}}</ref> Influenced by the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music, with [[Ferdinando Carulli]] and [[Mauro Giuliani]] being prominent exponents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |publisher=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |title=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114224154/http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani |archive-date=14 November 2007}}</ref> Giuliani, who was actually from [[Apulia]] but lived and worked in Naples, is widely considered to be one of the greatest [[guitarist|guitar players]] and composers of the 19th century, along with his [[Catalonia|Catalan]] contemporary [[Fernando Sor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |publisher=LagunaGuitars.com |title=The Masters of Classical Guitar |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509093152/http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |publisher=FineFretted.com |title=Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063836/http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html |archive-date=16 March 2008}}</ref> Another Neapolitan musician of note was [[opera singer]] [[Enrico Caruso]], one of the most prominent opera [[tenor]]s of all time:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426072721/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso |archive-date=26 April 2008}}</ref> he was considered a man of the people in Naples, hailing from a working-class background.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |publisher=Grandi-Tenori.com |title=Enrico Caruso |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209201552/http://grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php |archive-date=9 February 2009}}</ref>

A popular traditional dance in [[Southern Italy]] and Naples is the [[Tarantella]], which originated in [[Apulia]] and spread throughout the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. The Neapolitan tarantella is a [[courtship dance]] performed by couples whose "rhythms, melodies, gestures, and accompanying songs are quite distinct", featuring faster, more cheerful music.

A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the {{Lang|it|[[Canzone Napoletana]]}} style, essentially the [[traditional music]] of the city, with a repertoire of hundreds of [[folklore|folk]] songs, some of which can be traced back to the 13th century.<ref name="festadipied" /> The genre became a formal institution in 1835, after the introduction of the annual Festival of [[Piedigrotta]] songwriting competition.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news |url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it |title=History |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223054538/http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Some of the best-known recording artists in this field include [[Roberto Murolo]], [[Sergio Bruni]] and [[Renato Carosone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402003237/http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html |archive-date=2 April 2008 |publisher=NaplesMyLove.com |title=Artisti classici napoletani |url-status=usurped |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> There are furthermore various forms of music popular in Naples but not well known outside it, such as ''cantautore'' ("singer-songwriter") and ''sceneggiata'', which has been described as a musical soap opera; the most well-known exponent of this style is [[Mario Merola (singer)|Mario Merola]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |work=The Guardian |title=Mario Merola obituary |date=8 January 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407210434/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>