Editing Kingston, Ontario (section)

==Geography and climate==

Kingston is within the [[Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (Canada)|Mixedwood Plains Ecozone]], and is dominated in the Kingston area by a mixture of [[deciduous]] and [[coniferous]] tree species and abundant water resources.<ref>[http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/MixedwoodPlains/land.html Ecological Framework of Canada – Mixedwood Plains Ecozone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315210334/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/MixedwoodPlains/land.html |date=March 15, 2016 }}. Retrieved April 30, 2016</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070115054141/http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/mp/land.cfm Landforms and Climate of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone. (Archived).] Retrieved April 30, 2016</ref> The region is underlain mostly by [[Ordovician]] limestone of the Black River Group.<ref>Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. ''The Physiography of Southern Ontario''. University of Toronto Press, 1973. pp 62, 316.</ref>

Being within [[hardiness zone]] 5, Kingston has a moderate [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=138927&cityname=Kingston%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&units=|title=Kingston, Ontario Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=January 3, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053540/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=138927&cityname=Kingston,+Ontario,+Canada&units=|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> It has cooler summers and colder winters than most of [[Southern Ontario]]. Although proximity to Lake Ontario has a moderating effect on the climate, it also tempers the heat and can on occasion increase precipitation, especially during heavy snowfall events. Mild to strong breezes blowing off Lake Ontario make Kingston one of the most consistently windy cities in Canada, especially near the water. As a result of the moderation the all-time high is a relatively modest {{convert|35.6|C|0}} recorded on July 9, 1936.<ref name="July 1936">
{{cite web
 |url         = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-02-01%7C1957-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1957-12-01&StationID=4301&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=11&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kingston&timeframe=2&Year=1936&Month=7
 |title       = Canadian Climate Data
 |date = October 31, 2011
 |publisher   = Government of Canada
 |access-date  = August 27, 2016
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829034426/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-02-01%7C1957-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1957-12-01&StationID=4301&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=11&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kingston&timeframe=2&Year=1936&Month=7
 |archive-date = August 29, 2016
}}
</ref> However, due to the humidity, the [[humidex]] values on such hot days is normally very high. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Kingston was {{convert|-35.6|C|0}} on February 17, 1896.<ref name="February 1896">
{{cite web
 |url         = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-02-01%7C1957-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1957-12-01&StationID=4301&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=11&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kingston&timeframe=2&Year=1896&Month=2
 |title       = Canadian Climate Data
 |date = October 31, 2011
 |publisher   = Government of Canada
 |access-date  = August 27, 2016
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829034803/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-02-01%7C1957-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1957-12-01&StationID=4301&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=11&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kingston&timeframe=2&Year=1896&Month=2
 |archive-date = August 29, 2016
}}
</ref>

The central part of the city is between the Cataraqui River to the east and the Little Cataraqui Creek to the west, with outlying areas extending in both directions. The eastern part of the city is accessible by the [[La Salle Causeway]] on [[Ontario Highway 2|Highway 2]].

Major features of Kingston's waterfront include Flora MacDonald Confederation Basin, [[Portsmouth Olympic Harbour]], [[Collins Bay, Ontario|Collins Bay]], Wolfe Island, [[Garden Island (Ontario)|Garden Island]], the Cataraqui River (including the [[Kingston, Ontario Inner Harbour|Inner Harbour]] and, within that, [[Anglin Bay]]).

{{Weather box
|location = Kingston, 1991–2020 normals (Average Temperature) 1981–2010 normals,{{efn|Normals are based on climate data recorded at [[Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport]] from 1981 to 1996.}} extremes 1872–present{{efn|Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] from July 1872 to March 1957, at Kingston (Ontario Hydro) from April 1957 to June 1967, at [[Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport]] from July 1967 to September 1996, at Kingston Pumping Station from October 1996 to November 2007 and at [[Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport]] from July 2008 to present.}}
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|width=auto
|Jan record high C = 13.5
|Feb record high C = 14.4
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 30.7
|May record high C = 31.7
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 35.6
|Aug record high C = 34.5
|Sep record high C = 33.3
|Oct record high C = 25.1
|Nov record high C = 21.1
|Dec record high C = 16.1
|year record high C = 35.6
|Jan high C = −2.6
|Feb high C = −1.8
|Mar high C = 3.2
|Apr high C = 10.0
|May high C = 17.6
|Jun high C = 22.1
|Jul high C = 25.4
|Aug high C = 24.6
|Sep high C = 20.5
|Oct high C = 13.8
|Nov high C = 7.5
|Dec high C = 1.6
|year high C = 11.8
|Jan mean C = −7.0
|Feb mean C = −6.3
|Mar mean C = −1.1
|Apr mean C = 5.4
|May mean C = 12.4
|Jun mean C = 17.3
|Jul mean C = 20.8
|Aug mean C = 20.4
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 9.5
|Nov mean C = 3.5
|Dec mean C = −2.2
|year mean C = 7.3
|Jan low C = −11.5
|Feb low C = −10.9
|Mar low C = −5.5
|Apr low C = 0.9
|May low C = 7.3
|Jun low C = 12.5
|Jul low C = 16.1
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 5.1
|Nov low C = −0.6
|Dec low C = −6.0
|year low C = 2.8
|Jan record low C = −34.5
|Feb record low C = −35.6
|Mar record low C = −27.8
|Apr record low C = −17.2
|May record low C = −6.1
|Jun record low C = 0.6
|Jul record low C = 6.0
|Aug record low C = 3.3
|Sep record low C = −1.7
|Oct record low C = −7.5
|Nov record low C = −25.6
|Dec record low C = −34.4
|year record low C = −35.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 65.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 69.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 87.1
|May precipitation mm = 76.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 72.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 64.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 93.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 89.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 92.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 100.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 84.1
|year precipitation mm = 959.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 29.2
|Feb rain mm = 29.0
|Mar rain mm = 41.3
|Apr rain mm = 77.5
|May rain mm = 76.9
|Jun rain mm = 72.0
|Jul rain mm = 64.0
|Aug rain mm = 93.7
|Sep rain mm = 89.7
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 92.4
|Dec rain mm = 52.2
|year rain mm = 808.7
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 39.5
|Feb snow cm = 39.1
|Mar snow cm = 25.4
|Apr snow cm = 8.1
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 1.2
|Nov snow cm = 8.0
|Dec snow cm = 35.9
|year snow cm = 157.1
|precip days colour = 
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 16.1
|Feb precipitation days = 13.9
|Mar precipitation days = 12.8
|Apr precipitation days = 13.5
|May precipitation days = 12.9
|Jun precipitation days = 11.4
|Jul precipitation days = 9.3
|Aug precipitation days = 11.1
|Sep precipitation days = 12.3
|Oct precipitation days = 13.7
|Nov precipitation days = 16.2
|Dec precipitation days = 15.8
|year precipitation days = 159.1
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 5.4
|Feb rain days = 5.1
|Mar rain days = 8.2
|Apr rain days = 11.9
|May rain days = 12.9
|Jun rain days = 11.4
|Jul rain days = 9.3
|Aug rain days = 11.1
|Sep rain days = 12.3
|Oct rain days = 13.6
|Nov rain days = 14.0
|Dec rain days = 8.1
|year rain days = 123.4
|unit snow days = 0.2&nbsp;cm
|Jan snow days = 13.2
|Feb snow days = 11.1
|Mar snow days = 7.3
|Apr snow days = 2.6
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.40
|Nov snow days = 4.3
|Dec snow days = 11.5
|year snow days = 50.4
|time day = 15:00 LST
|Jan humidity = 70.1
|Feb humidity = 67.4
|Mar humidity = 63.7
|Apr humidity = 62.4
|May humidity = 63.4
|Jun humidity = 67.3
|Jul humidity = 65.7
|Aug humidity = 64.9
|Sep humidity = 65.9
|Oct humidity = 66.6
|Nov humidity = 68.9
|Dec humidity = 71.8
|year humidity = 66.5
|Jan sun = 93.2
|Feb sun = 113.1
|Mar sun = 144.2
|Apr sun = 161.8
|May sun = 218.0
|Jun sun = 243.7
|Jul sun = 279.3
|Aug sun = 238.7
|Sep sun = 164.4
|Oct sun = 139.7
|Nov sun = 89.5
|Dec sun = 73.1
|year sun = 1958.8
|Jan percentsun = 32.4
|Feb percentsun = 38.5
|Mar percentsun = 39.1
|Apr percentsun = 40.2
|May percentsun = 47.7
|Jun percentsun = 52.6
|Jul percentsun = 56.5
|Aug percentsun = 55.0
|Sep percentsun = 43.7
|Oct percentsun = 40.9
|Nov percentsun = 30.9
|Dec percentsun = 26.4
|year percentsun = 42.2
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=449000000&dispBack=0
| title = Kingston
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = October 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name="climate">{{cite web
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200718042915/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_GORE-OTTA_ENG.csv
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2020-07-18
| url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_GORE-OTTA_ENG.csv
| title = Kingston A
| access-date = September 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kingston Pumping Station">
{{cite web
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=kingston&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=449000000&dispBack=1
| title = Kingston Pumping Station
| date = September 15, 2024
| publisher = Government of Canada
| access-date = May 20, 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160617093313/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&selCity=&selPark=&optProxType=custom&txtCentralLatDeg=44&txtCentralLatMin=13&txtCentralLatSec=30&txtCentralLongDeg=76&txtCentralLongMin=29&txtCentralLongSec=42&stnID=4300&dispBack=0
| archive-date = June 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kingston Ont Hydro">
{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?ssearchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+ont+hydro&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Kingston Ont Hydro
| date = October 31, 2011
| publisher = Government of Canada
| access-date = August 27, 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829030223/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+ont+hydro&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = August 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kingston Queens U">
{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+queens+u&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Kingston Queens U
| date = October 31, 2011
| publisher = Government of Canada
| access-date = August 27, 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829034046/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+queens+u&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = August 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kingston Climate">
{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+climate&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Kingston Climate
| date = October 31, 2011
| publisher = Government of Canada
| access-date = August 27, 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160829040056/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+climate&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = August 29, 2016}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}