Editing Inflammation (section)

=== Interleukins and obesity ===
With the discovery of [[interleukin]]s (IL), the concept of [[systemic inflammation]] developed. Although the processes involved are identical to tissue inflammation, systemic inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but involves the [[endothelium]] and other organ systems.

Chronic inflammation is widely observed in [[obesity]].<ref name="ParimisettyDorsemans2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parimisetty A, Dorsemans AC, Awada R, Ravanan P, Diotel N, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C |date=March 2016 |title=Secret talk between adipose tissue and central nervous system via secreted factors-an emerging frontier in the neurodegenerative research |journal=Journal of Neuroinflammation |type=Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=67 |doi=10.1186/s12974-016-0530-x |pmc=4806498 |pmid=27012931 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kershaw EE, Flier JS |date=June 2004 |title=Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=2548–56 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0395 |pmid=15181022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Obese people commonly have many elevated markers of inflammation, including:<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B |date=September 2000 |title=Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=3338–42 |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839 |pmid=10999830 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed-Ali V, Flower L, Sethi J, Hotamisligil G, Gray R, Humphries SE, York DA, Pinkney J |date=December 2001 |title=beta-Adrenergic regulation of IL-6 release from adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=86 |issue=12 |pages=5864–9 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.12.8104 |pmid=11739453 |s2cid=73100391 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Interleukin-6|IL-6 (Interleukin-6)]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ, Klein AS, Bulkley GB, Bao C, Noble PW, Lane MD, Diehl AM |date=January 1998 |title=Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=57–65 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.12.1.57 |pmid=9438411 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Esposito K 2002">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, Quagliaro L, Ceriello A, Giugliano D |date=October 2002 |title=Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=16 |pages=2067–72 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE |pmid=12379575 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Interleukin-8|IL-8 (Interleukin-8)]]
* [[Interleukin-18|IL-18 (Interleukin-18)]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
* [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha)]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
* [[C-reactive protein|CRP (C-reactive protein)]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
* [[Insulin]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
* [[Blood sugar|Blood glucose]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
* [[Leptin]]<ref name="Loffreda S 1998" /><ref name="Esposito K 2002" />
}}

Low-grade chronic inflammation is characterized by a two- to threefold increase in the systemic concentrations of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Petersen AM, Pedersen BK |date=April 2005 |title=The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1154–62 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 |pmid=15772055 |s2cid=4776835}}</ref> Waist circumference correlates significantly with systemic inflammatory response.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rogowski O, Shapira I, Bassat OK, Chundadze T, Finn T, Berliner S, Steinvil A |date=July 2010 |title=Waist circumference as the predominant contributor to the micro-inflammatory response in the metabolic syndrome: a cross sectional study |journal=Journal of Inflammation |volume=7 |pages=35 |doi=10.1186/1476-9255-7-35 |pmc=2919526 |pmid=20659330 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Loss of [[white adipose tissue]] reduces levels of inflammation markers.<ref name="ParimisettyDorsemans2016" /> As of 2017 the association of systemic inflammation with [[insulin resistance]] and [[type 2 diabetes]], and with [[atherosclerosis]] was under preliminary research, although rigorous [[clinical trial]]s had not been conducted to confirm such relationships.<ref name="Goldfine">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldfine AB, Shoelson SE |date=January 2017 |title=Therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation for diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1172/jci88884 |pmc=5199685 |pmid=28045401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) is generated at a higher level in obese people, and may increase the risk for [[cardiovascular diseases]].<ref name="Choi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L |date=March 2013 |title=Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Obesity Reviews |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=232–44 |doi=10.1111/obr.12003 |pmid=23171381 |s2cid=206227739}}</ref>