Editing History of Islam (section)

== East Asia ==

===Indian subcontinent===
{{Main|Islam in South Asia|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islam in India|Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Delhi Sultanate}}
[[File:Qutb minar ruins.jpg|thumb|left|[[Qutub Minar]] is the world's tallest brick [[minaret]], commenced by [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]]; 1st dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].]]

On the [[Indian subcontinent]], Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's [[Kerala]] state. Arabs traded with [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] even before the birth of Muhammad. Native legends say that a group of [[Sahaba]], under [[Malik Bin Deenar|Malik Ibn Deenar]], arrived on the [[Malabar Coast]] and preached Islam. According to that legend, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|the first mosque of India]] was built by Second Chera King Cheraman Perumal, who accepted Islam and received the name ''Tajudheen''. Historical records suggest that the [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Mosque]] was built in around 629.<ref name="BT">{{cite web|publisher=Bahrain tribune|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=6 July 2006}}</ref>

Islamic rule first came to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th century, when [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered [[Sindh]], though this was a short-lived consolidation of Indian territory. Islamic conquests expanded under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the 12th century CE, resulting in the establishment of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] in the Indus River basin and the subsequent prominence of [[Lahore]] as an eastern bastion of Ghaznavid culture and rule. Ghaznavid rule was eclipsed by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] of [[Muhammad of Ghor]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]], whose domain under the conquests of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] extended until the [[Bengal]], where Indian [[Islamic missionary activity|Islamic missionaries]] achieved their greatest success in terms of [[dawah]] and number of converts to [[Islam]].<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227-228</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Mediaeval Bengal'', First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-06-4}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}} [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] conquered [[Delhi]] in 1206 and began the reign of the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Ashirvadi Lal|title=The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 AD|url=https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1929|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company}}</ref> a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic plain]] and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, [[Razia Sultana]].

Many prominent sultanates and emirates administered various regions of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th centuries, such as the [[Qutb Shahi]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Shah Mir dynasty|Kashmir]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and [[Bahmani|Bahmani Sultanates]], but none rivaled the power and extensive reach of the [[Mughal Empire]] at its zenith.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holden|first=Edward Singleton|author-link=Edward Singleton Holden|title=The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398 – A.D. 1707|url=https://archive.org/stream/mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1895|publisher=New York : C. Scribner's Sons}}</ref> The Bengal Sultanate in particular was a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with",<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> while the Shah Mir dynasty ensured the gradual conversion of [[Kashmiris]] to Islam.

Persian culture, art, language, cuisine and literature grew in prominence in India due to Islamic administration and the immigration of soldiers, bureaucrats, merchants, Sufis, artists, poets, teachers and architects from Iran and Central Asia, resulting in the early development of [[Indo-Persian culture]].

===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Masjid demak.jpg|thumb|200px|Grand Mosque of [[Sultanate of Demak|Demak]], the first Muslim state in Java]]
{{See also|Spread of Islam in Indonesia}}

Islam first reached [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] through traders from Mecca in the 7th century,<ref name="AHGC"/> particularly via the western part of what is now [[Indonesia]]. Arab traders from Yemen already had a presence in Asia through trading and travelling by sea, serving as intermediary traders to and from Europe and Africa. They traded not only Arabian goods but also goods from Africa, India, and so on which included ivory, fragrances, spices, and gold.<ref>Gustave Le Bon. (1956). ''Hadarat al Arab''. Translation of La Civilisation-des Arabes. 3rd Print. Cairo. p. 95.</ref>

According to [[T. W. Arnold]] in ''The Preaching of Islam'', by the 2nd century of the [[Islamic calendar]], Arab traders had been trading with the inhabitants of [[Ceylon]], modern-day Sri Lanka. The same argument has been told by Dr. B.H. Burger and Dr. Mr. Prajudi in ''Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia'' (History of Socio Economic of Indonesia).<ref>Suryanegara, Ahmad Mansyur. (2009). ''Sedjarah Ekonomis Sosiologis Indonesia'' (History of Socio-Economic of Indonesia). API Sejarah. Bandung. Indonesia. pp. 2–3</ref> According to an atlas created by the geographer Al-Biruni (973–1048), the Indian or Indonesian Ocean used to be called the Persian Ocean. After Western Imperialist rule, this name was changed to reflect the name used today; the Indian Ocean.<ref>Sir [[Thomas Arnold]] and Alfred Guilaume, (eds.), (1965). ''The Legacy of Islam''. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 87.</ref>

Soon, many [[Sufi]] missionaries translated classical [[Sufi literature]] from Arabic and Persian into [[Malay language|Malay]]; a tangible product of this is the [[Jawi script]]. Coupled with the composing of original [[Islamic literature]] in Malay, this led the way to the transformation of Malay into an Islamic language.<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|2003|p=143}}</ref> By 1292, when [[Marco Polo]] visited [[Sumatra]], most of the inhabitants had converted to Islam. The [[Sultanate of Malacca]] was founded on the [[Malay Peninsula]] by [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]], a [[Srivijaya]]n Prince.

Through trade and commerce, Islam then spread to [[Borneo]] and [[Java]]. By the late 15th century, [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] had been introduced to the [[Philippines]] via the southern island of [[Mindanao]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Spencer Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA419|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|pages=419–|volume=1}}</ref> The foremost{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} socio-cultural Muslim entities that resulted from this are the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] and [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]; Islamised kingdoms in the northern [[Luzon]] island, such as the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] and the [[Kingdom of Tondo]], were later conquered and [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianised]] with the majority of the archipelago by [[Spanish colonization of the Philippines|Spanish colonisers]] beginning in the 16th century.

As Islam spread, societal changes developed from the individual conversions, and five centuries later it emerged as a dominant cultural and political power in the region. Three main Muslim political powers emerged. The [[Aceh Sultanate]] was the most important, controlling much of the area between Southeast Asia and India from its centre in northern [[Sumatra]]. The Sultanate also attracted [[Sufi poetry|Sufi poets]]. The second Muslim power was the [[Malacca Sultanate|Sultanate of Malacca]] on the Malay Peninsula. The [[Demak Sultanate|Sultanate of Demak]] on Java was the third power, where the emerging Muslim forces defeated the local [[Majapahit]] kingdom in the early 16th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2000|pp=226–30}}</ref> Although the sultanate managed to expand its territory somewhat, its rule remained brief.<ref name="AHGC"/>

[[Portuguese empire|Portuguese]] forces captured Malacca in 1511 under naval general [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. With Malacca subdued, the [[Aceh Sultanate]] and [[Bruneian Empire]] established themselves as centres of Islam in Southeast Asia. The Sultanate's territory, although vastly diminished, remains intact to this day as the modern state of [[Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="AHGC"/>

===China===
[[File:Huaisheng Mosque Dec 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Huaisheng Mosque]] of China, built by [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]].]]
{{Further|History of Islam in China}}

In China, four Sahabas (Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas, Wahb Abu Kabcha, [[Jafar ibn Abu Talib]] and [[Jahsh ibn Riyab]]) preached in 616/17 and onwards after following the [[Chittagong]]&ndash;[[Kamrup region|Kamrup]]&ndash;[[Manipur]] route after sailing from [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] in 615/16. After conquering Persia in 636, Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas went with [[Sa'id ibn Zaid]], [[Qais ibn Sa'd]] and [[Hassan ibn Thabit]] to China in 637 taking the complete Quran. Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas headed for China for the third time in 650–51 after Caliph Uthman asked him to lead an embassy to China, which the Chinese emperor received.<ref>Khamouch, Mohammed. "[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage]". FTSC.</ref>