Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Han dynasty
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Sources cited=== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{citation |surname=Adshead |given=Samuel Adrian Miles |title=China in World History |location=London |publisher=MacMillan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-312-22565-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Akira |given=Hirakawa |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamani to Early Mahayana |translator=Paul Groner |location=New Delhi |publisher=Jainendra Prakash Jain at Shri Jainendra Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-0955-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=An |given=Jiayao |chapter=When glass was treasured in China |pages=79–94 |title=Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road |editor-given1=Annette L. |editor-surname1=Juliano |editor-given2=Judith A. |editor-surname2=Lerner |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-503-52178-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Bailey |given=H. W. |author-link=Harold Walter Bailey |title=Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-521-11992-4 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Balchin |given=Jon |title=Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World |location=New York |publisher=Enchanted Lion Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59270-017-2 |postscript=. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/science100scient0000balc }} *{{citation |surname=Ball |given=Warwick |title=Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire |location=London & New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-415-72078-6 |postscript=. |author-link=Warwick Ball}} *{{citation |surname=Barbieri-Low |given=Anthony J. |title=Artisans in Early Imperial China |location=Seattle & London |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-295-98713-2 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Barnes |given=Ian |title=Mapping History: World History |location=London |publisher=Cartographica |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84573-323-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Beck |given=Mansvelt |chapter=The fall of Han |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |pages=317–376 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-link1=Denis Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |editor-link2=Michael Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |given1=Lennart |surname1=Berggren |given2=Jonathan M. |surname2=Borwein |given3=Peter B. |surname3=Borwein |title=Pi: A Source Book |location=New York |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-387-20571-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |last1=Bi |first1=Zhicheng |title=Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |date=2019 |pages=175–177 |volume=368 |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Bielenstein |given=Hans |author-link=Hans Bielenstein |title=The Bureaucracy of Han Times |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-521-22510-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Bielenstein |given=Hans |author-mask=3 |chapter=Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han |pages=223–290 |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation| surname=Bielenstein |given=Hans |author-mask=3|title= Chinese Historical Demography A D. 2 – 1982 | journal= Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities| volume=59 | date=1987| place=Stockholm| url= https://archive.org/details/bulletin-59/page/n5/mode/1up| postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Block |given=Leo |title=To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails |location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55750-209-4 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/toharnesswindsho00bloc }} *{{citation |surname=Bower |given=Virginia |chapter=Standing man and woman |title=Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines' |pages=242–245 |editor-given=Naomi Noble |editor-surname=Richard |location=New Haven and London |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] and [[Princeton University Art Museum]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-300-10797-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Bowman |given=John S. |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |postscript=. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john }} *{{citation |surname=Buisseret |given=David |title=Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography |location=Chicago |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-226-07993-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Bulling |given=A. |title=A landscape representation of the Western Han period |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=25 |number=4 |pages=293–317 |year=1962 |doi=10.2307/3249129 |jstor=3249129 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Chang |given=Chun-shu |title=The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157 |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-472-11534-1 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Chavannes |given=Édouard |title=Les pays d'Occident d'après le Heou Han chou |journal=T'oung Pao |volume=8 |pages=149–244 |year=1907 |url=https://chineancienne.fr/app/download/3972353762/chavannes_occident.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://chineancienne.fr/app/download/3972353762/chavannes_occident.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |postscript=. |doi=10.1163/156853207x00111 }} *{{citation |surname=Ch'en |given=Ch'i-Yün |chapter=Confucian, Legalist, and Taoist thought in Later Han |pages=766–806 |title=Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Ch'ü |given=T'ung-tsu |title=Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure |editor-given=Jack L. |editor-surname=Dull |location=Seattle and London |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-295-95068-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Chung |given=Chee Kit |chapter=Longyamen is Singapore: The Final Proof? |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |location=Singapore |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2005 |isbn=978-981-230-329-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Cotterell |given=Maurice |title=The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army |location=Rochester |publisher=Bear and Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59143-033-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Cribb |given=Joe |title=Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions |journal=Coin Hoards |volume=4 |pages=76–78 |year=1978 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33859218 |postscript=. |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135559/https://academia.edu/33859218 |url-status=live }} *{{citation |surname=Csikszentmihalyi |given=Mark |title=Readings in Han Chinese Thought |publisher=Hackett |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-87220-710-3 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Cullen |given=Christoper |title=Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The Zhou Bi Suan Jing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03537-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Cutter |given=Robert Joe |title=The Brush and the Spur: Chinese Culture and the Cockfight |location=Hong Kong |publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong |year=1989 |isbn=978-962-201-417-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Dauben |given=Joseph W. |author-link=Joseph Dauben |chapter=Chinese Mathematics |pages=187–384 |title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook |editor-given=Victor J. |editor-surname=Katz |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-11485-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Davis |given=Paul K. |author-link=Paul K. Davis (historian) |title=100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-514366-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |given1=Lance |surname1=Day |given2=Ian |surname2=McNeil |title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-06042-4 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424 }} *{{citation |surname=de Crespigny |given=Rafe |author-link=Rafe de Crespigny |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) |location=Leiden |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-9-004-15605-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Demiéville |given=Paul |chapter=Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui |pages=808–872 |title=Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Deng |given=Yingke |title=Ancient Chinese Inventions |translator=Wang Pingxing |location=Beijing |publisher=China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社) |year=2005 |isbn=978-7-5085-0837-5 |postscript=. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientchinesein0000deng }} *{{citation |surname=Di Cosmo |given=Nicola |author-link=Nicola Di Cosmo |title=Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77064-4 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Ebrey |given=Patricia Buckley |title=Estate and family management in the Later Han as seen in the ''Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People'' |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=17 |number=2 |pages=173–205 |year=1974 |jstor=3596331 |postscript=. |doi=10.1163/156852074X00110}} *{{citation |surname=Ebrey |given=Patricia Buckley |author-mask=3 |chapter=The Economic and Social History of Later Han |pages=608–648 |title=Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Ebrey |given=Patricia Buckley |author-mask=3 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-66991-7 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre }} *{{citation |surname=Eiland |given=Murray |title=Looking at Ancient Chinese Dogs Looking at Ancient Chinese Dogs |journal=Athena Review |volume=3 |number=3 |pages=75–79 |year=2003 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Fairbank |given1=John K. |author-link1=John K. Fairbank |given2=Merle |surname2=Goldman |title=China: A New History, Enlarged Edition |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-674-11673-3 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/chinatraditiontr00fair }} *{{citation |surname1=Fraser |given1=Ian W. |editor-given=Kerry |editor-surname=Brown |chapter=Zhang Heng 张衡 |title=The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography |location=Great Barrington |publisher=Berkshire |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-933782-66-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Greenberger |given=Robert<!--DO NOT LINK--> |title=The Technology of Ancient China |location=New York |publisher=Rosen |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4042-0558-1 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/technologyofanci0000gree }} *{{citation |surname=Guo |given=Qinghua |title=Chinese Architecture and Planning: Ideas, Methods, and Techniques |location=Stuttgart and London |publisher=Axel Menges |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-932565-54-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hansen |given=Valerie |author-link=Valerie Hansen |title=The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 |location=New York & London |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-393-97374-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hardy |given=Grant |title=Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-231-11304-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hinsch |given=Bret |title=Passions of the Cut Sleeve | publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-91265-6|postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hinsch |given=Bret |title=Women in Imperial China |location=Lanham |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7425-1872-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hsu |given=Cho-Yun |author-link=Cho-yun Hsu |title=The changing relationship between local society and the central political power in Former Han: 206 B.C. – 8 A.D. |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=7 |number=4 |pages=358–370 |year=1965 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500003777 |s2cid=146695190 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hsu |given=Elisabeth |chapter=Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing |pages=51–92 |title=Innovations in Chinese Medicine |editor-given=Elisabeth |editor-surname=Hsu |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80068-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Hsu |given=Mei-ling |title=The Qin maps: a clue to later Chinese cartographic development |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=45 |pages=90–100 |year=1993 |doi=10.1080/03085699308592766 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Huang |given=Ray |author-link=Ray Huang |title=China: A Macro History |location=Armonk & London |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-87332-452-6 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/chinamacrohistor00huan_0 }} *{{citation |surname=Hulsewé |given=A. F. P. |author-link=A. F. P. Hulsewé |chapter=Ch'in and Han law |pages=520–544 |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Jin |given1=Guantao |surname2=Fan |given2=Hongye |surname3=Liu |given3=Qingfeng |chapter=Historical Changes in the Structure of Science and Technology (Part Two, a Commentary) |pages=165–184 |title=Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology |editor-given1=Fan |editor-surname1=Dainian |editor-given2=Robert S. |editor-surname2=Cohen |translator=Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Kluwer |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7923-3463-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |given=David R. |surname=Knechtges |author-link=David R. Knechtges |chapter=From the Eastern Han through the Western Jin (AD 25–317) |pages=116–198 |title=The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, volume 1 |editor-given=Stephen |editor-surname=Owen |editor-link=Stephen Owen (academic) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-85558-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Kramers |given=Robert P. |chapter=The development of the Confucian schools |pages=747–756 |title=Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Lewis |given=Mark Edward |author-link=Mark Edward Lewis |title=The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02477-9 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo }} *{{citation |editor-given=Ban |editor-surname=Wang |surname1=Lewis |given1=Mark Edward |surname2=Hsieh |given2=Mei-yu |title=Chinese Visions of World Order: Tianxia, Culture, and World Politics |chapter=Tianxia and the invention of empire in East Asia |year=2017 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822372448 |pages=25–48 |jstor=j.ctv11cw3gv |postscript=.}} * {{citation |surname=Li |given=Hui-Lin |year=1974 |title=An archeological and historical account of cannabis in China |journal=Economic Botany |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=437–448 |doi=10.1007/BF02862859 |jstor=4253540 |s2cid=19866569 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Liu |given=Xujie |chapter=The Qin and Han dynasties |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/33 33–60] |title=Chinese Architecture |editor-given=Nancy S. |editor-surname=Steinhardt |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-09559-3 |postscript=. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/33 }} *{{citation |surname1=Liu |given1=Guilin |surname2=Feng |given2=Lisheng |surname3=Jiang |given3=Airong |surname4=Zheng |given4=Xiaohui |chapter=The Development of E-Mathematics Resources at Tsinghua University Library (THUL) |pages=1–13 |title=Electronic Information and Communication in Mathematics |editor-surname1=Bai |editor-given1=Fengshan |editor-given2=Bern |editor-surname2=Wegner |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-540-40689-1 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Lloyd |given=Geoffrey Ernest Richard |author-link=G. E. R. Lloyd |title=Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-55695-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Lo |given=Vivienne |chapter=The influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Western Han acumoxa therapy |title=Innovation in Chinese Medicine |pages=19–50 |editor-given=Elisabeth |editor-surname=Hsu |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80068-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Loewe |given=Michael |author-link=Michael Loewe |year=1968 |title=Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220 |location=London |publisher=B. T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-87220-758-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Loewe |given=Michael |author-mask=3 |chapter=The Former Han Dynasty |pages=103–222 |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Loewe |given=Michael |author-mask=3 |title=Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-45466-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Loewe |given=Michael |author-mask=3 |chapter=Funerary Practice in Han Times |pages=23–74 |title=Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines' |editor-given=Naomi Noble |editor-surname=Richard |publisher=Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-300-10797-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Mawer |given=Granville Allen |chapter=The Riddle of Cattigara |pages=38–39 |title=Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita to Australia |editor-given=Robert |editor-surname=Nichols |editor-given2=Martin |editor-surname2=Woods |location=Canberra |publisher=National Library of Australia |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-642-27809-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=McClain |given1=Ernest G. |surname2=Ming |given2=Shui Hung |title=Chinese cyclic tunings in late antiquity |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=23 |number=2 |pages=205–224 |year=1979 |doi=10.2307/851462 |jstor=851462 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |given1=William Scott |surname1=Morton |given2=Charlton M. |surname2=Lewis |title=China: Its History and Culture |edition=Fourth |location=New York City |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-141279-7 |year=2005 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations |location=London |publisher=Syndics of the Cambridge University Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-521-05799-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |author-mask=3 |title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth |location=Taipei |publisher=Caves Books |year=1986a |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |author-mask=3 |title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics |location=Taipei |publisher=Caves Books |year=1986b |isbn=978-0-521-05802-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |author-mask=3 |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering |location=Taipei |publisher=Caves Books |year=1986c |isbn=978-0-521-05803-2 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |author-mask=3 |title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics |location=Taipei |publisher=Caves Books |year=1986d |isbn=978-0-521-07060-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Needham |given1=Joseph |surname2=Tsien |given2=Tsuen-Hsuin |author-link2=Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing |location=Taipei |publisher=Caves Books |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Needham |given=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 9, Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-32021-4 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |given1=William H. |surname1=Neinhauser |given2=Charles |surname2=Hartman |given3=Y. W. |surname3=Ma |given4=Stephen H. |surname4=West |author-link4=Stephen H. West |title=The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: Volume 1 |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-253-32983-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Nelson |given=Howard |title=Chinese maps: an exhibition at the British Library |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=58 |pages=357–362 |year=1974 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000011346 |s2cid=154338508 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Nishijima |given=Sadao |chapter=The economic and social history of Former Han |pages=545–607 |title=Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Norman |given=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist) |title=Chinese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-29653-3 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Omura |given=Yoshiaki |title=Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background |location=Mineola |publisher=Dover |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-486-42850-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=O'Reilly |given=Dougald J. W. |title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia |location=Lanham, New York, Toronto, Plymouth |publisher=AltaMira |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Paludan |given=Ann |author-link=Ann Paludan |title=Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-500-05090-3 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu }} *{{citation |surname=Pigott |given=Vincent C. |title=The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-924171-34-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |last1=Psarras |first1=Sophia-Karin |title=Han Material Culture: An Archaeological Analysis and Vessel Typology |date=2 February 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-27267-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLD0BQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19 |via=[[Google Books] |postscript=.]}} *{{citation |surname=Ronan |given=Colin A. |author-link=Colin Ronan |year=1994 |title=The Shorter Science and Civilization in China: 4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32995-8 |postscript=.}} (an abridgement of Joseph Needham's work) *{{citation |author-link=Duan Qingbo |last1=Qingbo |first1=Duan |title=Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis |journal=Journal of Chinese History |date=2023 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=48–49 |doi=10.1017/jch.2022.25 |s2cid=251690411 |language=en |issn=2059-1632 |doi-access=free |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Schaefer |given=Richard T.<!--DO NOT LINK--> |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society: Volume 3 |location=Thousand Oaks |publisher=Sage |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Shen |given1=Kangshen |given2=John N. |surname2=Crossley |author-link2=John Crossley (mathematician) |given3=Anthony W. C. |surname3=Lun |title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-853936-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Steinhardt |given=Nancy Shatzman |title=The Tang architectural icon and the politics of Chinese architectural history |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=86 |number=2 |pages=228–254 |year=2004 |doi=10.2307/3177416 |jstor=3177416 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Steinhardt |given=Nancy S. |author-mask=3 |chapter=Pleasure tower model |pages=275–281 |title=Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines' |editor-given=Naomi Noble |editor-surname=Richard |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum |year=2005a |isbn=978-0-300-10797-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Steinhardt |given=Nancy S. |author-mask=3 |chapter=Tower model |title=Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines' |pages=283–285 |editor-given=Naomi Noble |editor-surname=Richard |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum |year=2005b |isbn=978-0-300-10797-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Straffin |given=Philip D. Jr |title=Liu Hui and the first Golden Age of Chinese mathematics |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=71 |number=3 |pages=163–181 |year=1998 |jstor=2691200 |postscript=. |doi=10.1080/0025570x.1998.11996627}} *{{citation |surname=Suárez |given=Thomas |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |location=Singapore |publisher=Periplus |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Sun |given1=Xiaochun |given2=Jacob |surname2=Kistemaker |title=The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-10737-3 |postscript=. |bibcode=1997csdh.book.....S}} *{{citation |surname=Taagepera |given=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D. |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |pages=115–138 |jstor=1170959 |postscript=. |doi=10.1017/s014555320002294x|s2cid=147379141 }} *{{citation |surname=Teresi |given=Dick |author-link=Dick Teresi |title=Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science–from the Babylonians to the Mayas |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-684-83718-5 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere }} *{{citation |surname=Thorp |given=Robert L.<!--DO NOT LINK--> |title=Architectural principles in early Imperial China: structural problems and their solution |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=68 |number=3 |pages=360–378 |year=1986 |jstor=3050972 |postscript=. |doi=10.1080/00043079.1986.10788358}} *{{citation |surname=Tom |given=K. S. |title=Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8248-1285-0 |postscript=. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/echoesfromoldchi0000tomk }} *{{citation |surname=Torday |given=Laszlo |title=Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History |location=Durham |publisher=Durham |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-900838-03-0 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Turnbull |given=Stephen R. |author-link=Stephen Turnbull (historian) |title=Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84176-386-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Wagner |given=Donald B. |title=Iron and Steel in Ancient China |publisher=Brill |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-09632-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Wagner |given=Donald B. |author-mask=3 |title=The State and the Iron Industry in Han China |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies |year=2001 |isbn=978-87-87062-83-1 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Wang |given=Yu-ch'uan |title=An outline of The central government of the Former Han dynasty |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=12 |number=1/2 |pages=134–187 |year=1949 |doi=10.2307/2718206 |jstor=2718206 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Wang |given=Zhongshu |author-link=Wang Zhongshu |year=1982 |title=Han Civilization |translator=((K. C. Chang and collaborators)) |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-02723-5 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname1=Wang |given1=Xudang |surname2=Li |given2=Zuixiong |author-link2=Li Zuixiong |surname3=Zhang |given3=Lu |editor=Neville Agnew |title=Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004 |chapter=Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins Near Dunhuang |pages=351–352 [351–357] |year=2010 |publisher=Getty |isbn=978-1-60606-013-1 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Watson |given=William |author-link=William Watson (sinologist) |title=The Arts of China to AD 900 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-08284-5 |postscript=.}} *{{Citation |surname=Wiesner-Hanks |given=Merry E. |title=Gender in History: Global Perspectives |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 |orig-year=2001 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-4051-8995-8 |location=Oxford}} *{{citation |surname=Xue |given=Shiqi |chapter=Chinese lexicography past and present |pages=158–173 |title=Lexicography: Critical Concepts |editor-given=R. R. K. |editor-surname=Hartmann |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-25365-9 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Young |given=Gary K. |year=2001 |title=Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305 |location=London & New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24219-6 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Yü |given=Ying-shih |author-link=Yu Ying-shih |year=1967 |title=Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Yü |given=Ying-shih |author-mask=3 |chapter=Han foreign relations |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 |pages=377–462 |editor-given1=Denis |editor-surname1=Twitchett |editor-given2=Michael |editor-surname2=Loewe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Yule |given=Henry |author-link=Henry Yule |year=1915 |editor=Henri Cordier |volume=1 |title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route |location=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Zhang |given=Guangda |chapter=The role of the Sogdians as translators of Buddhist texts |pages=75–78 |title=Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road |editor-given1=Annette L. |editor-surname1=Juliano |editor-given2=Judith A. |editor-surname2=Lerner |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-503-52178-7 |postscript=.}} *{{citation |surname=Zhou |given=Jinghao |title=Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97882-2 |postscript=.}} {{refend}}
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Han dynasty
(section)
Add topic