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===Globalization=== Feminist economists' work on [[globalization]] is diverse and multifaceted. But much of it is tied together through detailed and nuanced studies of the ways in which globalization affects women in particular and how these effects relate to [[social justice|socially just]] outcomes. Often country [[case studies]] are used for these data.<ref name="berik"/> Some feminist economists focus on policies involving the development of globalization. For example, [[Lourdes Benería]] argues that [[economic development]] in the [[Global South]] depends in large part on improved reproductive rights, gender equitable laws on ownership and inheritance, and policies that are sensitive to the proportion of women in the [[informal economy]].<ref name=gdgeaipm>{{cite book | last = Benería | first = Lourdes | author-link=Lourdes Benería | title = Gender, development, and globalization: economics as if all people mattered | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780415927079 }} ([http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewFile/383/729 Book review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119062111/http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewFile/383/729 |date=2014-01-19 }})</ref> Additionally, Nalia Kabeer discusses the impacts of a [[social clause]] that would enforce global labor standards through international trade agreements, drawing on fieldwork from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="kabeer">{{cite journal|last=Kabeer|first=Naila|title=Globalization, labor standards, and women's rights: dilemmas of collective (in)action in an interdependent world|journal=Feminist Economics|date=March 2004|volume=10|issue=1|pages=3–35|doi=10.1080/1354570042000198227|s2cid=17533079}}</ref> She argues that although these jobs may appear exploitative, for many workers in those areas they present opportunities and ways to avoid more exploitative situations in the [[informal economy]]. Alternatively, [[Suzanne Bergeron]], for example, raises examples of studies that illustrate the multifaceted effects of globalization on women, including Kumudhini Rosa's study of [[Sri Lanka]]n, [[Malaysia]]n, and [[Philippines|Philippine]], workers in [[free trade zone]]s as an example of local resistance to globalization.<ref name="bergeron">{{cite journal|last=Bergeron|first=Suzanne|title=Political Economy Discourses of Globalization and Feminist Politics|journal=Signs|date=Summer 2001|volume=26|issue=4|pages=983–1006|jstor=3175354|doi=10.1086/495645|s2cid=154014443}}</ref> Women there use their wages to create women's centers aimed at providing legal and medical services, libraries and [[cooperative housing]], to local community members. Such efforts, Bergeron highlights, allow women the chance to take control of economic conditions, increase their sense of individualism, and alter the pace and direction of globalization itself. In other cases, feminist economists work on removing gender biases from the theoretical bases of globalization itself. [[Suzanne Bergeron]], for example, focuses on the typical theories of globalization as the "rapid integration of the world into one economic space" through the flow of [[good (economics)|good]]s, [[Financial capital|capital]], and [[money]], in order to show how they exclude some women and the disadvantaged.<ref name="bergeron"/> She argues that traditional understandings of globalization over-emphasize the power of global [[capital flows]], the uniformity of globalization experiences across all populations, and technical and abstract economic processes, and therefore depict the [[political economy]] of globalization inappropriately. She highlights the alternative views of globalization created by feminists. First, she describes how feminists may de-emphasize the idea of the market as "a natural and unstoppable force," instead depicting the process of globalization as alterable and movable by individual economic actors including women. She also explains that the concept of globalization itself is gender biased, because its depiction as "dominant, unified, [and] intentional" is inherently masculinized and misleading. She suggests that feminists critique such narratives by showing how a "global economy" is highly complex, de-centered and unclear.
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