Editing Copper (section)

=== Nutrition ===
Copper is an essential [[trace element]] in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1&nbsp;mg per kg of body mass.<ref name="copper.org">{{cite web|url = http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/papers/cu_health_uk/cu_health_uk.html|title = Amount of copper in the normal human body, and other nutritional copper facts|access-date = 3 April 2009|archive-date = 10 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055140/http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/papers/cu_health_uk/cu_health_uk.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

====Absorption====
Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to [[serum albumin|albumin]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adelstein|first1=S. J.|last2=Vallee|first2=B. L.|title=Copper metabolism in man|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=1961|volume=265|pages=892–897|doi=10.1056/NEJM196111022651806|pmid=13859394|issue=18}}</ref> After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase, which involves the protein [[ceruloplasmin]], carrying the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ajcn.org/content/67/5/965S.abstract | title = Copper transport | pmid = 9587137 | date = 1 May 1998 | author1 = M.C. Linder | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 965S–971S | last2 = Wooten | first2 = L. | last3 = Cerveza | first3 = P. | last4 = Cotton | first4 = S. | last5 = Shulze | first5 = R. | last6 = Lomeli | first6 = N.| doi = 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.965S | doi-access = free }}</ref> Copper in the body normally undergoes [[enterohepatic circulation]] (about 5&nbsp;mg a day, vs. about 1&nbsp;mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via [[bile]], which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.<ref>{{cite book | jstor =20170553 | pmid = 775938 | date =1976 | last1 =Frieden | first1 =E. | last2 =Hsieh | first2 =H.S. | title =Ceruloplasmin: The copper transport protein with essential oxidase activity | journal = Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology | volume =44 | pages =187–236 | doi=10.1002/9780470122891.ch6| series = Advances in Enzymology – and Related Areas of Molecular Biology | isbn = 978-0-470-12289-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid =2301561 | title =Copper transport from ceruloplasmin: Characterization of the cellular uptake mechanism | date =1 January 1990 | author1 =S.S. Percival | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume =258 | issue =1 | pages =C140–C146 | last2 =Harris | first2 =E.D. | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.1.c140 }}</ref>

====Dietary recommendations====
The [[U.S. Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated [[Adequate Intake]] (AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200&nbsp;μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220&nbsp;μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. For both sexes, the RDAs for copper are: 340&nbsp;μg of copper for 1–3 years old, 440&nbsp;μg of copper for 4–8 years old, 700&nbsp;μg of copper for 9–13 years old, 890&nbsp;μg of copper for 14–18 years old and 900&nbsp;μg of copper for ages 19 years and older. For pregnancy, 1,000&nbsp;μg. For lactation, 1,300&nbsp;μg.<ref>[http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/2_%20RDA%20and%20AI%20Values_Vitamin%20and%20Elements.pdf?la=en Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA and AI for Vitamins and Elements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113060244/http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/2_%20RDA%20and%20AI%20Values_Vitamin%20and%20Elements.pdf?la=en |date=13 November 2018 }} Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</ref> As for safety, the IOM also sets [[tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of copper, the UL is set at 10&nbsp;mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s.<ref>Copper. IN: [https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/9 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Copper]. National Academy Press. 2001, PP. 224–257.</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 18 and older, the AIs are set at 1.3 and 1.6&nbsp;mg/day, respectively. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 1.5&nbsp;mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.7 to 1.3&nbsp;mg/day. These AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies |year=2017 |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref> The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5&nbsp;mg/day, which is half the U.S. value.<ref>{{citation |title=Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals |publisher=European Food Safety Authority |year=2006 |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For copper labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0&nbsp;mg, but {{as of|2016|May|27|lc=y|df=US}}, it was revised to 0.9&nbsp;mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR p. 33982.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | archive-date=7 April 2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].