Editing China (section)

== Infrastructure ==
After a decades-long infrastructural boom,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qu |first=Hongbin |title=China's infrastructure builds foundation for growth |url=https://www.gbm.hsbc.com/insights/global-research/china-infrastructure-builds-foundation-for-growth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528202857/https://www.gbm.hsbc.com/insights/global-research/china-infrastructure-builds-foundation-for-growth |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=HSBC}}</ref> China has produced numerous world-leading infrastructural projects: it has the [[List of high-speed railway lines in China|largest high-speed rail network]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2017 |title=China has built the world's largest bullet-train network |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2017/01/13/china-has-built-the-worlds-largest-bullet-train-network |access-date=13 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> the [[List of supertall skyscrapers|most supertall skyscrapers]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries or Jurisdictions Ranked by Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/countries |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=The Skyscraper Center}}</ref> the largest power plant (the [[Three Gorges Dam]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Gorges Dam: The World's Largest Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/three-gorges-dam-worlds-largest-hydroelectric-plant?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=United States Geological Survey| date=30 August 2018 }}</ref> the most extensive [[Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission in China|ultra-high-voltage transmission network]] and innovation infrastructure,<ref name="Vara 2022">{{cite web | last=Vara | first=Vasanthi | title=Who are the leading innovators in HVDC transmission systems for the power industry? | website=Power Technology | date=November 18, 2022 | url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/innovators-hvdc-transmission-systems-power/ | access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref><ref name="You 2024">{{cite web | last=You | first=Xiaoying | title='A bullet train for power': China's ultra-high-voltage electricity grid | website=BBC Future | date=November 15, 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241113-will-chinas-ultra-high-voltage-grid-pay-off-for-renewable-power | access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref> and [[BeiDou|a global satellite navigation system]] with the largest number of satellites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gao |first=Ryan Woo |date=12 June 2020 |title=China set to complete Beidou network rivalling GPS in global navigation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-china-satellite-idUSKBN23J0I9 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

=== Telecommunications ===
{{Main|Telecommunications in China}}
[[File:P1994-2011.gif|thumb|upright=1.35|Internet penetration rates in China in the context of [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]], 1995–2012]]
China is the largest telecom market in the world and currently has the [[List of countries by number of mobile numbers in use|largest number of active cellphones of any country]], with over 1.7 billion subscribers, {{As of|2023|February|lc=y}}. It has the largest number of [[List of countries by number of Internet users|internet]] and [[List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions|broadband users]], with over 1.1 billion Internet users {{As of|2024|December|df=US|lc=y}}—equivalent to around 78.6% of its population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=China's internet users surpass 1.1 billion, powering digital economy and innovation |url=https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/statistics/202501/18/content_WS678ae7f6c6d0868f4e8eef08.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=[[State Council of China]]}}</ref> By 2018, China had more than 1 billion 4G users, accounting for 40% of world's total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=China breaks 1B 4G subscriber mark |url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/featured-content/home-banner/china-breaks-1b-4g-subscriber-mark/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Mobile World Live}}</ref> China is making rapid advances in [[5G]]—by late 2018, China had started large-scale and commercial 5G trials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woyke |first=Elizabeth |title=China is racing ahead in 5G. Here's what that means. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612617/china-is-racing-ahead-in-5g-heres-what-it-means/ |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> {{As of|2023|December}}, China had over 810 million [[5G]] users and 3.38 million base stations installed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zuo |first=Mandy |date=29 March 2024 |title=China's 5G market set to expand, fuel economic growth as tech solidifies status as pillar industry |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3257119/chinas-5g-market-set-expand-fuel-economic-growth-tech-solidifies-status-pillar-industry |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>

[[China Mobile]], [[China Unicom]] and [[China Telecom]], are the three large providers of mobile and internet in China. China Telecom alone served more than 145 million broadband subscribers and 300 million mobile users; China Unicom had about 300 million subscribers; and China Mobile, the largest of them all, had 925 million users, {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=Blog: China operator H1 2018 scorecard |url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/blog/blog-china-operator-h1-2018-scorecard/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Mobile World Live}}</ref> Combined, the three operators had over 3.4 million 4G base-stations in China.<ref name="TechNode-2018">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=China ranked in top 5 for 4G penetration |url=https://technode.com/2018/11/08/china-ranked-in-top-5-for-4g-penetration/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=TechNode}}</ref> Several Chinese telecommunications companies, most notably [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], have been accused of spying for the Chinese military.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engleman |first=Eric |date=8 October 2012 |title=Huawei, ZTE Provide Opening for China Spying, Report Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-07/huawei-zte-provide-opening-for-china-spying-report-says.html |access-date=26 October 2012 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

China has developed its own [[satellite navigation]] system, dubbed [[BeiDou]], which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in 2012<ref name="CustomersDec2012">{{Cite news |date=27 December 2012 |title=China's Beidou GPS-substitute opens to public in Asia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20852150 |access-date=27 December 2012 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> as well as global services by the end of 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2018 |title=China Is Building a $9 Billion Rival to the American-Run GPS |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-25/china-s-big-dipper-satellites-challenge-the-dominance-of-gps |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Beidou followed [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] and [[GLONASS]] as the third completed global navigation satellite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elmer |first=Keegan |date=3 August 2020 |title=China promises state support to keep BeiDou satellite system at cutting edge |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3095794/china-promises-state-support-keep-beidou-satellite-system |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in China}}
[[File:Duge Bridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Duge Bridge]] is the [[List of highest bridges|highest bridge]] in the world.]]
[[File:CR400BF-Z-0312@BJI (20231009152047).jpg|thumb|A [[Fuxing (train)|Fuxing]] high-speed train running near the [[Beijing central business district|Beijing CBD]]]]

Since the late 1990s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of [[China National Highways|national highways]] and [[Expressways of China|expressways]]. In 2022, China's highways had reached a total length of {{convert|177000|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}, making it the [[List of countries by road network size|longest highway system]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=多我国高速公路通车里程稳居世界第一 |trans-title=China's expressway mileage ranks first in the world |url=https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202311/content_6916724.htm#:~:text=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC11%E6%9C%88,%E7%A8%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E3%80%82 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[State Council of the People's Republic of China]]}}</ref> China has the world's largest market for automobiles,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2010 |title=China overtakes US as world's biggest car market |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Patricia Jiayi |date=12 January 2010 |title=China Overtakes U.S. to Become Largest Auto Market |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703652104574651833126548364 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> having surpassed the United States in both auto sales and [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|production]]. The country is the world's largest exporter of cars by number as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harley |first=Michael |title=China Overtakes Japan As The World's Biggest Exporter Of Passenger Cars |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelharley/2023/05/22/china-overtakes-japan-as-the-worlds-biggest-exporter-of-passenger-cars |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2023 |title=China overtakes Japan as world's top car exporter |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65643064 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A side-effect of the rapid growth of China's road network has been a significant rise in traffic accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Traffic Accidents Increase Dramatically Worldwide |url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151203/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=16 November 2013 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau}}</ref> In urban areas, bicycles remain a common mode of transport, despite the increasing prevalence of automobiles – {{As of|2023|lc=y}}, there are approximately 200 million bicycles in China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=China has 200 million bicycles in use: industry association |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202309/17/WS6506c419a310d2dce4bb6262.html |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

[[Rail transport in China|China's railways]], which are operated by the state-owned [[China Railway|China State Railway Group Company]], are among [[List of countries by rail usage|the busiest]] in the world, handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Chinese Railways Carry Record Passengers, Freight |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/214698.htm |website=Xinhua}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the country had {{convert|159000|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} of railways, the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|second-longest network]] in the world.<ref name="Chinab2">{{Cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=中国国家铁路集团有限公司2023年统计公报 |trans-title=China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. Statistical Bulletin 2023 |url=http://www.china-railway.com.cn/xwzx/zhxw/202403/t20240315_134819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408045401/http://www.china-railway.com.cn/xwzx/zhxw/202403/t20240315_134819.html |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=Chinese}}</ref> The railways strain to meet enormous demand particularly during the [[Chinese New Year]] holiday, when the [[Chunyun|world's largest annual human migration]] takes place.<ref name="overcrowding">{{Cite news |date=22 January 2009 |title=China's trains desperately overcrowded for Lunar New Year |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2008659473_webchinatrains22.html |work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> China's [[High-speed rail in China|high-speed rail (HSR) system]] started construction in the early 2000s. By the end of 2023, high speed rail in China had reached {{convert|45000|km|mi|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} of dedicated lines alone, making it the [[List of high-speed railway lines|longest HSR network]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=China's operating high-speed railway hits 45,000 km |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0109/c90000-20119756.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> Services on the [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway|Beijing–Shanghai]], [[Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway|Beijing–Tianjin]], and [[Chengdu–Chongqing intercity railway|Chengdu–Chongqing]] lines reach up to {{convert|350|km/h|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}, making them the fastest conventional high speed railway services in the world. With an annual ridership of over 2.3 billion passengers in 2019, it is the world's busiest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=陈子琰 |title=China's railways report 3.57b passenger trips in 2019 |url=http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/03/WS5e0eada7a310cf3e355824c4.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=China Daily}}</ref> The network includes the [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway]], the single longest HSR line in the world, and the [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway]], which has [[List of longest bridges|three of longest railroad bridges in the world]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2012 |title=China opens world's longest high-speed rail route |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20842836 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The [[Shanghai maglev train]], which reaches {{convert|431|km/h|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}, is the fastest commercial train service in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Ben |date=7 December 2022 |title=Flying without wings: The world's fastest trains |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-fastest-trains-cmd/index.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[CNN Travel]]}}</ref> Since 2000, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Areddy |first=James T. |date=10 November 2013 |title=China's Building Push Goes Underground |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303482504579177830819719254 |access-date=16 November 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|December}}, 55 Chinese cities have [[Urban rail transit in China|urban mass transit systems]] in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=China's urban rail transit trips skyrocket 130% in December 2023 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/13/WS65a2590fa3105f21a507c216.html |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, China boasts the five longest [[List of metro systems|metro systems]] in the world with the networks in [[Shanghai Metro|Shanghai]], [[Beijing Subway|Beijing]], [[Guangzhou Metro|Guangzhou]], [[Chengdu Metro|Chengdu]] and [[Shenzhen Metro|Shenzhen]] being the largest.

The [[Civil aviation in China|civil aviation industry in China]] is mostly state-dominated, with the Chinese government retaining a majority stake in the majority of Chinese airlines. The top three airlines in China are [[Air China]], [[China Southern Airlines]], and [[China Eastern Airlines]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's big three state airlines lag behind profitable private peers |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/China-s-big-three-state-airlines-lag-behind-profitable-private-peers |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en}}</ref> which collectively made up 71% of the market in 2018, are all state-owned. Air travel has expanded rapidly in the last decades, with the number of passengers increasing from 16.6 million in 1990 to 551.2 million in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Du |first=Harry |date=26 September 2018 |title=How is Commercial Aviation Propelling China's Economic Development? |url=https://chinapower.csis.org/china-commercial-aviation |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=ChinaPower Project |language=en-US}}</ref> China had [[List of airports in China|approximately 259 airports in 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2021 |title=China adds 43 civil transport airports in 5 years |url=http://english.www.gov.cn/news/photos/202102/18/content_WS602de0adc6d0719374af8fdd.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |publisher=[[State Council of the People's Republic of China]]}}</ref>

China has [[List of ports in China|over 2,000 river and seaports]], about 130 of which are open to foreign shipping.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2021 |title=China's Global Network of Shipping Ports Reveal Beijing's Strategy |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/6224958.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=VOA}}</ref> Of the [[List of busiest container ports|fifty busiest container ports]], 15 are located in China, of which the busiest is the [[Port of Shanghai]], also the busiest port in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 50 Container Ports |url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[World Shipping Council]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> The country's inland waterways are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|sixth-longest]], and total {{convert|27700|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=2022-04-12  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in China}}

Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as [[Water resources of China|water scarcity, contamination, and pollution]].<ref name="Water Scarcity in China">{{Cite news |last=Hook |first=Leslie |date=14 May 2013 |title=China: High and dry: Water shortages put a brake on economic growth |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7d6f69ea-bc73-11e2-b344-00144feab7de.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7d6f69ea-bc73-11e2-b344-00144feab7de.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=15 May 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> According to the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]], 93% of rural households had access to [[basic sanitation]] in 2022 (up from 77% in 2015).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022 |date=2023 |isbn=978-92-806-5476-9 |pages=124}}</ref> The ongoing [[South–North Water Transfer Project]] intends to abate water shortage in the north.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Carla |title=Quenching the Dragon's Thirst: The South-North Water Transfer Project—Old Plumbing for New China? |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Quenching%20the%20Dragon%25E2%2580%2599s%20Thirst.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}</ref>