Editing Cathode-ray tube (section)

===Beam-index tube===
[[Beam-index tube]]s, also known as Uniray, Apple CRT or Indextron,<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://visions4netjournal.com/indextron/|title=Indextron|date=December 29, 2016|website=Visions4 Magazine}}</ref> was an attempt in the 1950s by [[Philco]] to create a color CRT without a shadow mask, eliminating convergence and purity problems, and allowing for shallower CRTs with higher deflection angles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/uniray.html|title=The Uniray Story|website=www.earlytelevision.org}}</ref> It also required a lower voltage power supply for the final anode since it did not use a shadow mask, which normally blocks around 80% of the electrons generated by the electron gun. The lack of a shadow mask also made it immune to the earth's magnetic field while also making degaussing unnecessary and increasing image brightness.<ref name="auto21">{{Cite magazine|title=UNIRAY-Amazing One-Gun <!--http://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/pop_sci_2-72.pdf-->|date=February 1972|magazine=Popular Science}}</ref> It was constructed similarly to a monochrome CRT, with an aquadag outer coating, an aluminum inner coating, and a single electron gun but with a screen with an alternating pattern of red, green, blue and UV (index) phosphor stripes (similarly to a Trinitron) with a side mounted photomultiplier tube<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4894711A/en|title=Beam index display tube and display system including the beam index display tube|accessdate=18 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto21"/> or photodiode pointed towards the rear of the screen and mounted on the funnel of CRT, to track the electron beam to activate the phosphors separately from one another using the same electron beam. Only the index phosphor stripe was used for tracking, and it was the only phosphor that was not covered by an aluminum layer.<ref name="auto31"/> It was shelved because of the precision required to produce it.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.myvintagetv.com/Apple%20PDF%20files/Apple-Chatten_may1961.pdf|title=The "Apple" tube for colour television  |last=Chatten |first=John |website= www.myvintagetv.com|access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p68XfA0MHpoC&q=beam+index+tube+expensive&pg=PA47|title=Handbook of Display Technology|first=Joseph A.|last=Castellano|date=June 17, 1992|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|isbn=9780121634209|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was revived by Sony in the 1980s as the Indextron but its adoption was limited, at least in part due to the development of LCD displays. Beam-index CRTs also suffered from poor contrast ratios of only around 50:1 since some light emission by the phosphors was required at all times by the photodiodes to track the electron beam. It allowed for single CRT color CRT projectors due to a lack of shadow mask; normally CRT projectors use three CRTs, one for each color,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadcaststore.com/index.cfm|title=BroadcastStore.com − New and Used Professional Video, Audio, and Broadcast Equipment. Sony, JVC, Panasonic, Grass Valley, Tektronix, Avid, Applied Magic, and More...|website=www.broadcaststore.com}}</ref> since a lot of heat is generated due to the high anode voltage and beam current, making a shadow mask impractical and inefficient since it would warp under the heat produced (shadow masks absorb most of the electron beam, and, hence, most of the energy carried by the relativistic electrons); the three CRTs meant that an involved calibration and adjustment procedure<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.curtpalme.com/Advanced_Procedures.shtm|title=Advanced Procedures for CRT Projectors|website=www.curtpalme.com}}</ref> had to be carried out during installation of the projector, and moving the projector would require it to be recalibrated. A single CRT meant the need for calibration was eliminated, but brightness was decreased since the CRT screen had to be used for three colors instead of each color having its own CRT screen.<ref name="auto12"/> A stripe pattern also imposes a horizontal resolution limit; in contrast, three-screen CRT projectors have no theoretical resolution limit, due to them having single, uniform phosphor coatings.