Editing Anthroposophy (section)

===Reception by Nazi regime in Germany===
Though several prominent members of the [[Nazi Party]] were supporters of anthroposophy and its movements, including agriculturalist {{interlanguage link|Erhard Bartsch|de}}, SS colonel [[List of SS personnel|Hermann Schneider]], and [[Gestapo]] chief [[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staudenmaier |first=Peter |date=1 April 2013 |title=Organic Farming in Nazi Germany: The Politics of Biodynamic Agriculture, 1933–1945 |journal=Environmental History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–411 |doi=10.1093/envhis/ems154}}</ref> anti-Nazis such as [[Traute Lafrenz]], a member of the [[White Rose]] resistance movement, were also followers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowell |first=Alan |date=March 10, 2023 |title=Traute Lafrenz, Last Survivor of Anti-Hitler Group, Dies at 103 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/10/world/europe/traute-lafrenz-page-dead.html |work=The New York Times |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> [[Rudolf Hess]], the adjunct Führer, was a patron of Waldorf schools<ref name="Douglas-Hamilton 2012 p. 106">{{Cite book |last=Douglas-Hamilton |first=James |title=The Truth About Rudolf Hess |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78057-791-3 |page=unpaginated |chapter=1 Turmoil at the Dictator's Court: 11 May 1941 |quote=Organisations which Hess had supported, such as the Rudolf Steiner schools, were closed down. |access-date=2 October 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5SyahCctVsC&pg=PT106}}</ref><ref name="Rieppel 2016 p. 246">{{Cite book |last=Rieppel |first=Olivier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |title=Phylogenetic Systematics: Haeckel to Hennig |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4987-5489-7 |page=246 |quote=Although in his reply, Himmler pretended to share Astel's assessment of anthroposophy as a dangerous movement, he admitted to be unable to do anything about the school of Rudolf Steiner because Rudolf Hess supported and protected it. |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> and a staunch defender of biodynamic agriculture.<ref name="Tucker 2018 p. 165">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=S.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K6IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT165 |title=False Economies: The Strangest, Least Successful and Most Audacious Financial Follies, Plans and Crazes of All Time |publisher=Amberley Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4456-7235-9 |page=unpaginated |quote=according to Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess (1894-1987), those sceptics who criticised biodynamic methods on scientific grounds were just 'carrying out a kind of witch-trial' against Steiner's followers |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> "Before 1933, Himmler, Walther Darré (the future Reich Agriculture Minister), and Rudolf Höss (the future commandant of Auschwitz) had studied ariosophy and anthroposophy, belonged to the occult-inspired Artamanen movement, [...]"<ref name="Kurlander 2015 pp. 498–522">{{Cite journal |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |year=2015a |title=The Nazi Magicians' Controversy: Enlightenment, "Border Science," and Occultism in the Third Reich |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43965203 |journal=Central European History |publisher=[Cambridge University Press, Central European History Society] |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=498–522 |issn=<!--00089389, -->15691616 |jstor=43965203 |access-date=19 February 2024 |quote=Before 1933, Himmler, Walther Darré (the future Reich Agriculture Minister), and Rudolf Höss (the future commandant of Auschwitz) had studied ariosophy and anthroposophy, belonged to the occult-inspired Artamanen movement, [...]}}</ref>

"One of the most insightful contributions to this area is Peter Staudenmaier's case study of Anthroposophy, which has demonstrated the ambiguous role of Anthroposophists in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany."<ref name="o691">{{Cite book |last=Strube |first=Julian |title=Hermes Explains: Thirty Questions about Western Esotericism |date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-4285-7 |editor-last=Forshaw |editor-first=Peter |publication-place=Amsterdam |page=230 |chapter=Doesn’t occultism lead straight to fascism? |quote=One of the most insightful contributions to this area is Peter Staudenmaier's case study of Anthroposophy, which has demonstrated the ambiguous role of Anthroposophists in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. |editor-last2=Hanegraaff |editor-first2=Wouter J. |editor-last3=Pasi |editor-first3=Marco |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230}}</ref> According to Staudenmaier, the fascist and Nazi authorities saw occultism not as deviant, but as deeply familiar.<ref name="o691" />