Editing Andrew Carnegie (section)

==Legacy and honors==
[[File:Andrew Carnegie's statue, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|Carnegie statue, [[Dunfermline]]]]

In 1899, Andrew Carnegie was awarded [[American Library Association Honorary Membership]].

Carnegie received the honorary [[Legum Doctor|Doctor of Laws]] (DLL) from the [[University of Glasgow]] in June 1901,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-glasgow-university-jubilee/131294008/ |date=June 14, 1901 |title=Glasgow University Jubilee |page=10 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |issue=36481 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and received the [[Freedom of the City]] of [[Glasgow]] "in recognition of his munificence" later the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-court-circular/138126316/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=Court circular |date=August 13, 1901 |page=7 |issue=36532 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> 

[[File:Andrew Carnegie in National Portrait Gallery IMG 4441.JPG|upright|thumb|Carnegie as he appears in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in Washington, D.C.]]

In July 1902, he received the Freedom of the city of [[St Andrews]], "in testimony of his great zeal for the welfare of his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic",<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-the-freedom-of-st-andrews/138125857/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=The Freedom of St. Andrews |date=July 19, 1902 |page=14 |issue=36824 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and in October 1902 the Freedom of the City of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] "in testimony of his high personal worth and beneficial influence, and in recognition of widespread benefactions bestowed on this and other lands, and especially in gratitude for the endowment granted by him for the promotion of University education in Scotland."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-mr-carnegie-at-perth/138126419/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=Mr. Carnegie at Perth |date=October 9, 1902 |page=4 |issue=36894 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and the Freedom of the City of [[Dundee]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-mr-carnegie-at-dundee/138126538/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=Mr. Carnegie at Dundee |date=October 27, 1902 |page=2 |issue=36909 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Also in 1902, he was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1902;smode=advanced;startDoc=1|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519184242/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1902;smode=advanced;startDoc=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

He received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the [[University of Aberdeen]] in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/the-quatercentenary-celebrations-1906-424.php|title=Quatercentenary Celebrations|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726025535/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/the-quatercentenary-celebrations-1906-424.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1910, he received the [[Freedom of the City of Belfast]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr. Carnegie Will Receive Freedom of Belfast |date=September 26, 1910 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |work=[[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)]] |publisher = [[British Newspaper Archive]] |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19100926/031/0002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and was made as well Commander of the [[National Order of the Legion of Honour]] by the French government.<ref>[http://digitalcollections.powerlibrary.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/acamu-acarc/id/678/rec/3 Certificate of membership, Commander of the Order of Legion of Honor, 19th March, 1910] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212113642/http://digitalcollections.powerlibrary.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/acamu-acarc/id/678/rec/3 |date=December 12, 2021 }} – online portal [[Pennsylvania Department of Education#Power Library|Power_Library]]</ref> Carnegie was awarded as Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] by Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] on August 25, 1913.<ref>[http://digitalcollections.powerlibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/acamu-acarc/id/512/rec/10 Diploma conferring on Mr. Carnegie the rank of Knight (Grand Cross) in the Order of Orange Nassau, The Hague-- 25th August, 1913] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212113641/http://digitalcollections.powerlibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/acamu-acarc/id/512/rec/10 |date=December 12, 2021 }} – online portal [[Pennsylvania Department of Education#Power Library|Power_Library]]</ref> Carnegie received July 1, 1914, an [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Groningen]] the Netherlands.<ref>Jaarboek der Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. 1913–1914. Promotiën Faculteit der Rechtgeleerdheid. Honoris Causa. Staatswetenschappen. 1914, 1 Juli, p. 91.</ref>

[[File:CM Diplodocus.jpg|thumb|Mounted ''D. carnegii'' (or "[[Dippy]]") skeleton at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]; considered the most famous single dinosaur skeleton in the world]]
*The dinosaur ''[[Diplodocus carnegiei]]'' (Hatcher) was named for Carnegie after he sponsored the expedition that discovered its remains in the [[Morrison Formation]] ([[Jurassic]]) of [[Utah]]. Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" that he had casts made of the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton donated to several museums in Europe and South America. The original fossil skeleton is assembled and stands in the Hall of Dinosaurs at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
*After the [[Spanish–American War]], Carnegie offered to donate $20 million to the Philippines so they could buy their independence.
*[[Carnegie, Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4NIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2443%2C2320121 |title=Town names carry bit of history |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=May 10, 1984 |access-date=October 31, 2015 |author=Ackerman, Jan |pages=1 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204132543/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4NIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2443%2C2320121 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Carnegie, Oklahoma]], were named in his honor.
*The [[Saguaro]] cactus's scientific name, ''[[Carnegiea gigantea]]'', is named after him.
*The [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] for the best children's literature published in the UK was established in his name.
*The Carnegie Faculty of Sport and Education, at [[Leeds Beckett University]], UK, is named after him.
*The concert halls in [[Dunfermline]] and [[New York City|New York]] are named after him.
*At the height of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in the world, behind only [[John D. Rockefeller]] of [[Standard Oil]].
*[[Carnegie Mellon University]] in Pittsburgh was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as the Carnegie Technical Schools.[[File:CVHSFourthWard.JPG|thumb|[[Carnegie Vanguard High School]]]]
*Lauder College (named after his uncle [[George Lauder Sr.]]) in the [[Halbeath]] area of Dunfermline was renamed [[Carnegie College]] in 2007.
*A street in [[Belgrade]] ([[Serbia]]), next to the [[Belgrade University Library]] which is one of the [[Carnegie library|Carnegie libraries]], is named in his honor.
*An American high school, [[Carnegie Vanguard High School]] in [[Houston]], Texas, is named after him<ref name="SchoolHistoriesHoustonISD">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110710153727/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=0afe09c28afc3110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextchannel=2e2b2f796138c010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD School Histories: the Stories Behind the Names]". [[Houston Independent School District]]. Retrieved September 24, 2008. "It is named for Andrew Carnegie, the famous Scottish immigrant who rose to become a steel tycoon and philanthropist."</ref>
*Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Burgh of [[Kilmarnock]] in Scotland in 1903, prior to laying the foundation stone of Loanhead Public School.<ref>{{Citation|last=White|first=Colin|title='His dirge our groans—his monument our praise': Official and Popular Commemoration of Nelson in 1805–6|date=June 14, 2007|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264065.003.0003|work=History, Commemoration and National Preoccupation|publisher=British Academy|doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197264065.003.0003|isbn=978-0-19-726406-5|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref>

===Benefactions===
[[File:Andrew_Carnegie,_1835-1919,_full,_standing,_wearing_kilt,_throwing_money_in_air_LCCN2005696202.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in air, ''Life'', 1905]]
According to biographer [[Burton J. Hendrick]]:
:His benefactions amounted to $350,000,000—for he gave away not only his annual income of something more than $12,500,000, but most of the principal as well. Of this sum, $62,000,000 was allotted to the British Empire and $288,000,000 to the United States, for Carnegie, in the main, confined his benefactions to the English-speaking nations. His largest gifts were $125,000,000 to the Carnegie Corporation of New York (this same body also became his residuary legatee), $60,000,000 to public library buildings, $20,000,000 to colleges (usually the smaller ones), $6,000,000 to church organs, $29,000,000 to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, $22,000,000 to the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, $22,000,000 to the Carnegie Institution of Washington, $10,000,000 to Hero Funds, $10,000,000 to the Endowment for International Peace, $10,000,000 to the Scottish Universities Trust, $10,000,000 to the United Kingdom Trust, and $3,750,000 to the Dunfermline Trust.<ref>Burton J. Hendrick, "Carnegie, Andrew, 1835–1919" ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1929) v. 3 p. 505.</ref>

Hendrick argues that:

:These gifts fairly picture Carnegie's conception of the best ways to improve the status of the common man. They represent all his personal tastes—his love of books, art, music, and nature—and the reforms which he regarded as most essential to human progress—scientific research, education both literary and technical, and, above all, the abolition of war. The expenditure the public most associates with Carnegie's name is that for public libraries. Carnegie himself frequently said that his favorite benefaction was the Hero Fund—among other reasons, because "it came up my ain back"; but probably deep in his own mind his library gifts took precedence over all others in importance. There was only one genuine remedy, he believed, for the ills that beset the human race, and that was enlightenment. "Let there be light" was the motto that, in the early days, he insisted on placing in all his library buildings. As to the greatest endowment of all, the Carnegie Corporation, that was merely Andrew Carnegie in permanently organized form; it was established to carry on, after Carnegie's death, the work to which he had given personal attention in his own lifetime.<ref>Hendrick, "Carnegie, Andrew, 1835–1919"</ref>

===Research sources===
Carnegie's personal papers are at the [[Library of Congress]] Manuscript Division.
The Carnegie Collections of the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library consist of the archives of the following organizations founded by Carnegie: The [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] (CCNY); The [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (CEIP); the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] (CFAT);The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs (CCEIA). These collections deal primarily with Carnegie philanthropy and have very little personal material related to Carnegie. [[Carnegie Mellon University]] and the [[Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh]] jointly administer the Andrew Carnegie Collection of digitized archives on Carnegie's life.

===Moral appraisal===
[[File:Andrew Carnegie, April 1905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|April 1905]]

By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money.<ref>Krause, Paul (1992). ''The Battle for Homestead 1880–1892''. University of Pittsburgh Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8229-5466-8}}. p. 233.</ref> "Maybe with the giving away of his money," commented biographer [[Joseph Frazier Wall|Joseph Wall]], "he would justify what he had done to get that money."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/filmmore/description.html "Andrew Carnegie"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222204834/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/filmmore/description.html |date=December 22, 2016 }}). ''[[The American Experience]]''. PBS.</ref>

To some, Carnegie represents the idea of the American dream. He was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America and became successful. He is not only known for his successes but his huge amounts of philanthropic works, not only for charities but also to promote democracy and independence to colonized countries.<ref>Swetnam, George (1980). ''Andrew Carnegie''. Twayne Publishers. {{ISBN|0805772391}}.</ref>