Editing Afroasiatic languages (section)

====Verbal extensions====
Many AA languages use prefixes or suffixes (verbal extensions) to encode various pieces of information about the verb.{{sfn|Frajzyngier|2012|p=525}} Three [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivational]] prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- '[[causative]]', *t- '[[middle voice]]' or '[[reflexive verb|reflexive]]', and *n- '[[Passive Voice|passive]]';{{sfn|Huehnergard|2004|p=141}} the prefixes appear with various related meanings in the individual daughter languages and branches.{{sfn|Stauder|2023|p=87}} Christopher Ehret has proposed that Proto-Afroasiatic originally had as many as thirty-seven separate verbal extensions, many of which then became fossilized as third consonants.{{sfn|Ehret|1995|pp=27–34}} This theory has been criticized by some, such as Andrzej Zaborski and Alan Kaye, as being too many extensions to be realistic, though Zygmont Frajzyngier and Erin Shay note that some Chadic languages have as many as twelve extensions.{{sfn|Frajzyngier|Shay|2012|p=13}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller;"
|+ Common verbal extensions in Afroasiatic, using data from {{harvnb|Wilson|2020}}, {{harvnb|Bubenik|2023}}, and {{harvnb|Kossmann|2007}}
|-
! Language !! Causative *s- !! Reflexive/middle *t- !! Passive *n-
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| Akkadian (Semitic) ||  u-š-apris 'make cut' || mi-t-gurum 'agree (with one another)' || i-p-paris (> *i-n-paris) 'be cut'
|-
| Figuig (Berber) || ssu-fəɣ 'let out' || i-ttə-ska 'it has been built' || mmu-bḍa 'divide oneself'
|-
| Beja (Cushitic) || s-dabil 'make gather' || t-dabil 'be gathered' || m-dabaal 'gather each other'
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| Egyptian || s-ꜥnḫ 'make live' || pr-tj 'is sent forth'{{efn|The Egyptian passive suffix is solely morphological and does not form a unique stem.{{sfn|Stauder|2023|pp=88–90}}}} || n-hp 'escape'{{efn|The Egyptian prefix has a middle voice/intransitive/or passive meaning.{{sfn|Allen|2013|p=94}}}}
|}