Editing Unmanned aerial vehicle (section)

==== Environmental monitoring ====

UASs or UAVs offer the great advantage for [[environmental monitoring]] to generate a new generation of survey at very-high or ultra-high resolution both in space and time.<ref>{{Cite book |title=UAVs for the environmental sciences: methods and applications |date=2022 |publisher=wbg Academic |isbn=978-3-534-40588-6 |editor-last=Eltner |editor-first=Anette |location=Darmstadt |editor-last2=Hoffmeister |editor-first2=Dirk |editor-last3=Kaiser |editor-first3=Andreas |editor-last4=Karrasch |editor-first4=Pierre |editor-last5=Klingbeil |editor-first5=Lasse |editor-last6=Stöcker |editor-first6=Claudia |editor-last7=Rovere |editor-first7=Alessio}}</ref> This gives the opportunity to bridge the existing gap between satellite data and field monitoring. This has stimulated a huge number of activities in order to enhance the description of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Most common applications are:

*Topographic surveys<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Edgar |last2=Chandler |first2=Jim |last3=Wackrow |first3=Rene |last4=Shiono |first4=Koji |date=April 2017 |title=Automated extraction of free surface topography using SfM-MVS photogrammetry |journal=Flow Measurement and Instrumentation |language=en |volume=54 |pages=243–249 |doi=10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2017.02.001 |s2cid=56307390 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017FloMI..54..243F }}</ref> for the production of orthomosaics, digital surface models and 3D models;
*Monitoring of natural ecosystems for biodiversity monitoring,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=C. Sudhakar |last2=Kurian |first2=Ayushi |last3=Srivastava |first3=Gaurav |last4=Singhal |first4=Jayant |last5=Varghese |first5=A. O. |last6=Padalia |first6=Hitendra |last7=Ayyappan |first7=N. |last8=Rajashekar |first8=G. |last9=Jha |first9=C. S. |last10=Rao |first10=P. V. N. |date=January 2021 |title=Remote sensing enabled essential biodiversity variables for biodiversity assessment and monitoring: technological advancement and potentials |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-020-02073-8 |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1007/s10531-020-02073-8 |bibcode=2021BiCon..30....1R |s2cid=254281346 |issn=0960-3115 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227214346/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-020-02073-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> habitat mapping,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gonçalves |first1=João |last2=Henriques |first2=Renato |last3=Alves |first3=Paulo |last4=Sousa-Silva |first4=Rita |last5=Monteiro |first5=António T. |last6=Lomba |first6=Ângela |last7=Marcos |first7=Bruno |last8=Honrado |first8=João |date=January 2016 |editor-last=Rocchini |editor-first=Duccio |title=Evaluating an unmanned aerial vehicle-based approach for assessing habitat extent and condition in fine-scale early successional mountain mosaics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12204 |journal=Applied Vegetation Science |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=132–146 |doi=10.1111/avsc.12204 |bibcode=2016AppVS..19..132G |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112235908/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12204 |url-status=live }}</ref> detection of [[Invasive species|invasive alien species]]<ref>{{cite journal 
 | author1 = Barbizan Sühs, R.
 | author2 = Ziller, S. R.
 | author3 = Dechoum, M.
 | year = 2023
 | title = Is the use of drones cost-effective and efficient in detecting invasive alien trees? A case study from a subtropical coastal ecosystem
 | journal = Biological Invasions
 | volume = 26
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 357–363
 | doi = 10.1007/s10530-023-03190-5
| s2cid = 265016887
 }}</ref> and study of ecosystem degradation due to invasive species or disturbances;
*Precision agriculture<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chunhua |last2=Kovacs |first2=John M. |date=December 2012 |title=The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: a review |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11119-012-9274-5 |journal=Precision Agriculture |language=en |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=693–712 |doi=10.1007/s11119-012-9274-5 |bibcode=2012PrAgr..13..693Z |s2cid=254938502 |issn=1385-2256 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227214348/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11119-012-9274-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> which exploits all available technologies including UAV in order to produce more with less (e.g., optimisation of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation);
*River monitoring several methods have been developed to perform flow monitoring using image velocimetry methods which allow to properly describe the 2D flow velocity fields.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perks |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Russell |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Large |first3=Andrew R. G. |date=2016-10-05 |title=Technical Note: Advances in flash flood monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/4005/2016/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=4005–4015 |doi=10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016 |bibcode=2016HESS...20.4005P |issn=1607-7938 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112235910/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/4005/2016/ |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*Structural integrity of any type of structure whether it be a dam, railway or other dangerous, inaccessible or massive locations for building monitoring.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Jianguo |last2=He |first2=Linshu |last3=Luo |first3=Haitao |date=2023-03-19 |title=Real-Time Positioning Method for UAVs in Complex Structural Health Monitoring Scenarios |journal=Drones |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=212 |doi=10.3390/drones7030212 |issn=2504-446X |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Drone...7..212Z }}</ref>
*Mineral detection for [[acid mine drainage]] using UAVs and [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] cameras can produce detailed maps of proxy minerals (e.g. [[goethite]], [[jarosite]]) for certain pH-values in natural, mining and post-mining environments, such as remediated sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jackisch |first1=Robert |last2=Lorenz |first2=Sandra |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Robert |last4=Möckel |first4=Robert |last5=Gloaguen |first5=Richard |date=2018 |title=Drone-Borne Hyperspectral Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage: An Example from the Sokolov Lignite District |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=385 |doi=10.3390/rs10030385 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-4292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flores |first1=Hernan |last2=Lorenz |first2=Sandra |last3=Jackisch |first3=Robert |last4=Tusa |first4=Laura |last5=Contreras |first5=I. Cecilia |last6=Zimmermann |first6=Robert |last7=Gloaguen |first7=Richard |date=2021 |title=UAS-Based Hyperspectral Environmental Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage Affected Waters |journal=Minerals |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=182 |doi=10.3390/min11020182 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Mine...11..182F |issn=2075-163X}}</ref>

These activities can be completed with different measurements, such as [[photogrammetry]], [[thermography]], multispectral images, 3D field scanning, and [[normalized difference vegetation index]] maps.