Editing Shia Islam (section)

===Zaydī===
{{main|Zaydism}}
[[File:Dinar of al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq, AH 298.jpg|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of [[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya|al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā]], the [[Islamic history of Yemen|first Zaydī Imam of Yemen]], minted in 910–911 CE]]
[[File:Zaydi State 1675.jpg|thumb|The [[Yemeni Zaidi State|Zaydī State of Yemen]] under the rule of Imam [[Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il|Al-Mutawakkil Ismāʿīl bin al-Qāsim]] (1644–1676)]]
[[Zaydism]], otherwise known as '''Zaydiyya''' or as '''Zaydī Shīʿism''', is a branch of Shia Islam named after [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ibn ʿAlī]]. Followers of the Zaydī school of jurisprudence are called Zaydīs or occasionally ''Fivers''. However, there is also a group called ''Zaydī Wāsiṭīs'' who are Twelvers (see below). Zaydīs constitute roughly 42–47% of the [[Demographics of Yemen|population of Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Yemen |url=http://www.yemenincanada.ca/map.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127175930/http://www.yemenincanada.ca/map.php |archive-date=27 January 2007 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=Yemeni in Canada |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Yemen in Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yemen [Yamaniyyah]: general data of the country |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041925/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/yemeng.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=Population Statistics}}</ref>

====Doctrine====
The Zaydīs, Twelvers, and Ismāʿīlīs all recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaydīs consider [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ibn ʿAlī]] as the 5th Imam. After the time of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, the Zaydīs believed that [[Sayyid|any descendant]] (''Sayyid'') of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī]] or [[Husayn ibn Ali|Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī]] could become the next Imam, after fulfilling certain conditions.<ref name="Washington">{{cite web |date=1991 |title=Sunni-Shiʻa Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye |url=http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423070201/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm |archive-date=23 April 2005 |page=24}}</ref> Other well-known Zaydī Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah.

The [[Imams of Yemen|Zaydī doctrine of Imamah]] does not presuppose the infallibility of the Imam, nor the belief that the Imams are supposed to receive divine guidance. Moreover, Zaydīs do not believe that the Imamate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any ''[[Sayyid]]'' descended from either [[Hasan ibn Ali|Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī]] or [[Husayn ibn Ali|Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī]] (as was the case after the death of the former). Historically, Zaydīs held that Zayd ibn ʿAlī was the rightful successor of the 4th Imam since he led a [[Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali|rebellion against the Umayyads in protest of their tyranny and corruption]]. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action, and the followers of Zayd ibn ʿAlī maintained that a true Imam must fight against corrupt rulers.

====Jurisprudence====
In matters of [[Intellectual proofs in Shia jurisprudence|Islamic jurisprudence]], Zaydīs follow the teachings of Zayd ibn ʿAlī, which are documented in his book ''Majmu'l Fiqh'' (in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{big|مجموع الفِقه}}). [[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya|Al-Ḥādī ila'l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā]], the [[Islamic history of Yemen|first Zaydī Imam and founder of the Zaydī State in Yemen]], is regarded as the codifier of Zaydī jurisprudence, and as such most Zaydī Shias today are known as ''Hadawis''.

====Timeline====
The [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisids]] ({{langx|ar|{{big|الأدارسة}}}}) were Arab<ref>
* {{cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall |title=Venture of Islam |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1961 |location=Chicago |page=262}}{{clarify|reason=this is a multi-volume source; which volume?|date=February 2022}}</ref> [[Zaydism|Zaydī Shias]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī |first=ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh |title=Rawḍ al-Qirṭās: Anīs al-Muṭrib bi-Rawd al-Qirṭās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa-Tārīkh Madīnat Fās |title-link=Rawd al-Qirtas |publisher=Dār al-Manṣūr |year=1340 |location=ar-Rabāṭ |publication-date=1972 |page=38}}
* {{cite web |title=حين يكتشف المغاربة أنهم كانوا شيعة وخوارج قبل أن يصبحوا مالكيين ! |url=http://hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612182657/http://www.hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116 |archive-date=12 June 2008 |work=hespress.com}}
* {{cite book |author=Ignác Goldziher |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold |title=Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-691-10099-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000gold/page/218 218] |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=James Hastings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBwOF6jXBdIC&pg=PA844 |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7661-3704-2 |page=844}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{cite web |title=The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib? |url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706101911/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |publisher=The Institute of Ismaili Studies}}
* {{cite web |title=Shiʻah tenets concerning the question of the imamate – New Page 1 |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024816/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012 |work=muslimphilosophy.com}}</ref> whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, [[Idris I]], ruled in the western [[Maghreb]] from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of [[Gilan Province|Gilan]], [[Deylaman]], and [[Tabaristan]] (northern [[Iran]]) in 864 CE by the [[Alavids]];<ref>Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi,''At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen'' (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature</ref> it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the [[Samanids]] in 928 CE. Roughly forty years later, the Zaydī State was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 CE. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydī Shias of Deylaman, Gilan, and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydī [[Imams of Yemen]] or rival Zaydī Imams within Iran.<ref>Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen'' (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopædia Iranica</ref>

The [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] were initially Zaydī Shias,<ref>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Paul Ernest |title=Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim |publisher=I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-86064-321-7 |series=Ismaili Heritage Series |volume=3 |place=London; New York |page=13}}</ref> as were the [[Banu Ukhaidhir]] rulers of [[al-Yamama]] in the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |url=http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7693 |last=Madelung |first=W. |date=7 December 2007}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The leader of the Zaydī community took the title of [[caliph]]; thus, the ruler of Yemen was known by this title. Al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi, a descendant of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī]], founded the Zaydī Imamate at [[Sa'dah]] in 893–897 CE, and the [[Rassid dynasty]] continued to rule over Yemen until the middle of the 20th century, when the [[North Yemen Civil War|republican revolution of 1962]] deposed the last Zaydī Imam. (''See'': [[Arab Cold War]]). The founding Zaydī branch in Yemen was the Jarudiyya; however, with increasing interaction with the [[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]] and [[Shafiʽi school|Shāfiʿī]] schools of [[Madhhab#Sunni|Sunnī jurisprudence]], there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya, and Salihiyya.<ref>Article by Sayyid Ali ibn ' Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen'' (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shiʻites), 2005</ref> Zaydī Shias form the [[Religion in Yemen|second dominant religious group in Yemen]]. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen; Jaʿfaris and Ismāʿīlīs constitute the 2–5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universiteit Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek |url=http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502125032/http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/yemeng.htm |archive-date=2 May 2006 |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=Library.uu.nl}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], it is estimated that there are over 1&nbsp;million Zaydī Shias, primarily based in the western provinces.

Currently, the most prominent Zaydī political movement is the [[Houthi movement]] in [[Yemen]],<ref name="Nevola-Shiban 2020">{{cite book |author1-last=Nevola |author1-first=Luca |title=Global, Regional, and Local Dynamics in the Yemen Crisis |author2-last=Shiban |author2-first=Baraa |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-35578-4 |editor1-last=Day |editor1-first=Stephen W. |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |pages=233–251 |chapter=The Role of "Coup Forces," Saleh, and the Houthis |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-35578-4_15 |editor2-last=Brehony |editor2-first=Noel |chapter-url=https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=fulltext&uiLanguage=en&rid=50561 |s2cid=213121908}}</ref> known by the name of ''Shabab al-Mu'mineen'' ("Believing Youth") or ''Ansar Allah'' ("Partisans of God").<ref name="Glenn 2015">{{cite magazine |last=Glenn |first=Cameron |date=29 April 2015 |title=Who are Yemen's Houthis? |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/who-are-yemens-houthis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307094845/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/who-are-yemens-houthis |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |magazine=The Islamists |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Woodrow Wilson International Center]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> In 2014–2015, [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthis took over the Yemeni government]] in [[Sana'a]], which led to the fall of the [[Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)|Saudi Arabian-backed government]] of [[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]].<ref name="Nevola-Shiban 2020" /><ref name="Glenn 2015" /><ref name="government">{{cite news |date=6 February 2015 |title=Yemen's Houthis form own government in Sanaa |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207102231/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/02/yemen-houthi-rebels-announce-presidential-council-150206122736448.html |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=7 February 2015 |agency=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Houthis and their allies gained control of a significant part of Yemen's territory, and resisted the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] seeking to restore Hadi in power.<ref name="Nevola-Shiban 2020" /><ref name="Glenn 2015" /> (''See'': [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict]]). Both the Houthis and the Saudi Arabian-led coalition were being attacked by the Sunnī [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[militant]] group and [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi-jihadist]] [[terrorist organization]] [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Yemen govt vows to stay in Aden despite IS bombings |url=https://news.yahoo.com/yemen-govt-vows-stay-aden-despite-bombings-102423218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173259/http://news.yahoo.com/yemen-govt-vows-stay-aden-despite-bombings-102423218.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |work=Yahoo News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Arab Coalition Faces New Islamic State Foe in Yemen Conflict |url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/arab-coalition-faces-new-islamic-state-foe-in-yemen-conflict-1229476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064145/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/arab-coalition-faces-new-islamic-state-foe-in-yemen-conflict-1229476 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Poljarevic 2021" /><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019" /><ref name="Badara 2017" /><ref name="Bunzel 2015" />