Editing Sanskrit (section)

=== Beyond the Indian subcontinent ===
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| image1 = A Sanskrit manuscript of Lotus Sutra in South Turkestan Brahmi script.jpg
| image2 = A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in Brahmi script from Miran China.jpg
| footer = Sanskrit has had a historical presence and influence in many parts of Asia. Above (top clockwise): [i] a Sanskrit manuscript from Turkestan, [ii] another from Miran-China.
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Sanskrit was a language for religious purposes and for the political elite in parts of medieval era Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia, having been introduced in these regions mainly along with the spread of Buddhism. In some cases, it has competed with Pāli for prominence.{{sfn|Michael C. Howard|2012|p=21}}{{sfn|Burrow|2001|p=63}}

==== East Asia ====
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| image2            = Siddham alphabet by Kukai.svg
| footer            = [i] a bell with Sanskrit engravings in South Korea [ii] the [[Kūkai]] calligraphy of Siddham-Sanskrit in Japan
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[[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit|Buddhist Sanskrit]] has had a considerable influence on [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] such as Chinese, state William Wang and Chaofen Sun.<ref name="WangSun2015p5" /> Many words have been adopted from Sanskrit into Chinese, both in its historic religious discourse and everyday use.<ref name="WangSun2015p5">{{cite book |author1=William S.-Y. Wang |author2=Chaofen Sun |year=2015 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-985633-6 |pages=5–6, 12, 236–247 |quote=In chapter&nbsp;18, Shi Xiangdong makes it clear that the influence of Buddhist Sanskrit on the Chinese language has been considerable. Many words have crossed the line from religious discourse to everyday use.  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqT4BQAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{efn|Examples of phonetically imported Sanskrit words in Chinese include samgha (Chinese: seng), bhiksuni (ni), kasaya (jiasha), namo or namas (namo), and nirvana (niepan). The list of phonetically transcribed and semantically translated words from Sanskrit into Chinese is substantial, states Xiangdong Shi.<ref name="WangSun2015p5"/>}} This process likely started about 200&nbsp;CE and continued through about 1400&nbsp;CE, with the efforts of monks such as Yuezhi, Anxi, Kangju, Tianzhu, Yan Fodiao, Faxian, Xuanzang and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]].<ref name="WangSun2015p5" />

Further, as the Chinese languages and culture influenced the rest of East Asia, the ideas in Sanskrit texts and some of its linguistic elements migrated further.<ref name="OrzechSørensen2011">{{cite book |author1=Charles Orzech |author2=Henrik Sørensen |author3=Richard Payne |title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia |year=2011 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-90-04-18491-6 |pages=985–996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=William S.-Y. Wang |author2=Chaofen Sun |title=The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-985633-6 |pages=5–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqT4BQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like {{lang|zh|剎那}} ''chànà'' ([[Devanagari]]: क्षण ''{{IAST|kṣaṇa}}'' 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the [[Tengyur]].

Sanskrit has also influenced the religious register of Japanese mostly through transliterations. These were borrowed from Chinese transliterations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nichiren Buddhism Library|url=https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074700/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/|archive-date=22 February 2015|website=nichirenlibrary.org}}</ref> In particular, the [[Shingon]] ({{Literal translation|True Words}}) sect of esoteric Buddhism has been relying on Sanskrit and original Sanskrit [[mantra]]s and writings, as a means of realizing Buddhahood.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orzech|first1=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA985|title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia|last2=Sørensen|first2=Henrik|last3=Payne|first3=Richard|date=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004184916|page=985}}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
{{further|Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world}}
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| footer            = [i] the Thai script [ii] a Sanskrit inscription in Cambodia
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A large number of inscriptions in Sanskrit across Southeast Asia testify the influence the language held in these regions.{{sfn|Burrow|2001|pp=63, 64}}

Languages such as [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Lao language|Lao]] contain many [[loanword]]s from Sanskrit, as does [[Khmer language|Khmer]]. Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in [[Austronesian languages]], such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], particularly the [[Old Javanese|older form]] in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zoetmulder |first=P.J. |title=Old Javanese-English Dictionary |year=1982 |url=http://sealang.net/ojed/ |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111918/http://sealang.net/ojed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other Austronesian languages, such as [[Malay language|Malay]] (descended into modern [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] standards) also derive [[List of loanwords in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|much of their vocabulary]] from Sanskrit. Similarly, [[Philippine languages]] such as [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] have [[List of loanwords in Tagalog#Sanskrit|some Sanskrit loanwords]], although more are derived from Spanish.

A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word ''[[Bahasa|bhāṣā]]'', or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.<ref>{{cite book |title=Passport India |edition=3rd |type=eBook |page=15 |first=Manoj |last=Joshi |publisher=World Trade Press}}</ref>

To this day, Southeast Asian languages such as Thai are known to draw upon Sanskrit for technical vocabulary.{{sfn|Burrow|2001|p=64}}

=====Indonesia=====
{{further|List of Indic loanwords in Indonesian}}
[[Image:kutai Prasasti of Mulawarman.JPG|thumb|upright|The ancient [[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Yūpa]] inscription (one of the earliest and oldest Sanskrit texts written in ancient Indonesia) dating back to the [[4th century CE]] written by [[Brahmin]]s under the rule of King [[Mulavarman]] of the [[Kutai#History|Kutai Martadipura Kingdom]] located in [[East Kalimantan|eastern Borneo]]]]
The earliest Sanskrit text which was founded in the [[Indonesian Archipelago]] was at [[East Kalimantan|Eastern Borneo]] dating back to 400 CE known as the [[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Mulavarman inscription]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |title=A History of India |year=1998 |page=145 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415154826 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185234/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC |url-status=live }}</ref> This is one of the reason of strong influence of Indian culture that entered the [[Malay Archipelago]] during the [[Greater India|Indianization era]], and since then, Indian culture has been absorbed towards Indonesian culture and language. Thus, the Sanskrit culture in Indonesia exists not as a religious aspect but more towards a cultural aspect that has been present for generations, resulting in a more cultural rather than Hinduistic value of the [[Indonesian people]]. As a result, it is common to find Muslim or Christian Indonesians with names that have Indian or Sanskrit nuances. Unlike names derived from Sanskrit in [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Khmer language|Khmer]], the pronunciation of Sanskrit names in Indonesia is more similar to the original Indian pronunciation, except that "v" is changed to "w", for example, "Vishnu" in India will be spelled "Wisnu" in Indonesia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==== Rest of the world ====
In ancient and medieval times, several Sanskrit words in the field of food and spices made their way into European languages including Greek, Latin and later English. Some of these are ''pepper'', ''ginger'' and ''sugar''. English today has several [[List of English words of Sanskrit origin|words of Sanskrit origin]], most of them borrowed<ref>{{Citation|last1=Yule|first1=Henry|chapter=Gujputty to Hackery|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139197922.016|title=Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|pages=402–407|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-19792-2|access-date=2021-02-20|last2=Burnell|first2=Arthur Coke|year=2010|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139197922.016|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208015307/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hobsonjobson/hobsonjobson/87D9A7751CD751A9BB87C06C0A35C8DB|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation range includes only one clear example, Gunny (as in sack), on page 403. There must be a better source than random examples from a dictionary.|date=April 2021}} during the [[British Raj]] or later. Some of these words have in turn been borrowed by other European or world languages.