Editing Religious persecution (section)

==Persecution of philosophers==
{{Main|Persecution of philosophers}}
{{Category see also|Persecution of philosophers}}
Throughout the [[history of philosophy]], philosophers have been imprisoned for various offenses by courts and tribunals, often as a result of their philosophical activities, and some of them have even been put to death. The most famous case in which a philosopher was put on trial is the case of [[Socrates]], who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety.<ref>{{cite book |last=May |first=Hope |title=On Socrates |url=https://archive.org/details/onsocrates00mayh |url-access=registration |year=2000| publisher=Wadsworth/Thomson Learning| isbn=978-0-534-57604-2 | pages= 20, 30}}</ref> Others include:
* [[Giordano Bruno]] – a pantheist philosopher who was [[burned at the stake]] by the [[Roman Inquisition]] for his heretical religious views<ref>{{multiref2
|1= Michael J. Crowe, ''The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900'', Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, "[Bruno's] sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities who were guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed by his denial of Christ's divinity and his alleged diabolism than they were by his cosmological doctrines."
|2= [[Adam Frank]] (2009). ''The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate'', University of California Press, p. 24, "Though Bruno may have been a brilliant thinker whose work stands as a bridge between ancient and modern thought, his persecution cannot be seen solely in light of the war between [[science and religion]]."
|3= White, Michael (2002). ''The Pope and the Heretic: The True Story of Giordano Bruno, the Man who Dared to Defy the Roman Inquisition,'' p. 7. Perennial, New York. "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."
|4= {{cite book| last = Shackelford| first = Joel| editor = Numbers, Ronald L.| editor1-link =Ronald Numbers| title = Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion| chapter = Myth 7 That Giordano Bruno was the first martyr of modern science| publisher = Harvard University Press| date = 2009| page = 66}} "Yet the fact remains that cosmological matters, notably the plurality of worlds, were an identifiable concern all along and appear in the summary document: Bruno was repeatedly questioned on these matters, and he apparently refused to recant them at the end.14 So, Bruno probably was burned alive for resolutely maintaining a series of heresies, among which his teaching of the plurality of worlds was prominent but by no means singular."
}}</ref> and/or his cosmological views;<ref>{{cite book |last=Martínez |first=Alberto A. |year=2018 |title=Burned Alive: Giordano Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo28433424.html |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-1780238968}}</ref>
* [[Tommaso Campanella]] – he was confined to a [[convent]] for his heretical views, chiefly, for his opposition to the authority of [[Aristotle]], and later, he was imprisoned in a castle for 27 years, during which he wrote his most famous works, one of them is ''[[The City of the Sun]]'';<ref>{{Citation | mode=cs1 |last1=Ernst|first1=Germana|title=Tommaso Campanella|date=2021|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/campanella/#year  |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Summer 2021|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2023-01-02|last2=De Lucca|first2=Jean-Paul | translator= Jill Kraye}}</ref>
* [[Baruch Spinoza]] – a Jewish philosopher who was put in [[Herem (censure)|cherem]] (similar to excommunication) by the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] leadership of the  [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese synagogue]] in [[Amsterdam]] for [[Heresy in Orthodox Judaism|heresies]] when he was 23 years old. His views were controversial, among them, were his ideas regarding the authenticity of the [[Hebrew Bible]], which formed the foundations of modern [[biblical criticism]], and his belief that the nature of the [[God in Judaism|God of Israel]] is [[Pantheism|pantheistic]]ic.<ref name="Scruton 2002" />{{rp|144}}<ref>{{multiref2
|1= {{cite book |last1=Nadler |first1=Steven M. |title=Spinoza: A Life |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00293-6 |pages=2, 7, 120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSe95FJrfeYC&pg=PA120}}
|2= {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Steven B. |title=Spinoza's Book of Life: Freedom and Redemption in the Ethics |date=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12849-9 |page=xx |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0dMphwIwQ8C&pg=PT19}}
|3= {{cite web |last1=Nadler |first1=Steven |title=Baruch Spinoza |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/#Bio |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |date=2020}}
|4= {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Cd7Yd73esC&pg=PA186|title=Tractatus Theologico-Politicus: Gebhardt Edition 1925|first=Benedictus de|last=Spinoza|date=4 September 1989|publisher=Brill|access-date=<!-- print source: 4 September 2019-->| page= 186|via=Google Books|isbn=9004090991}}
}}</ref> Prior to his excommunication, Spinoza was attacked on the steps of the Portuguese synagogue by a knife-wielding assailant who shouted "Heretic!",<ref name="Scruton 2002">{{cite book |last=Scruton |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Scruton |date=2002 |title=Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRf9C8H6SPUC&pg=PA21 |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |pages=21, 144 |isbn=978-0-19-280316-0}}</ref>{{rp|21}} and later his books were added to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]'s [[Index of Forbidden Books]].