Editing Pogrom (section)

== References and notes ==
=== Table Footnotes ===
{{notelist-ua|35em}}

=== Descriptions of the events in the table ===
{{notefoot|35em}}

=== Notes from the text ===
{{notelist|35em}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name="Abramson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sZtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+mainstream+usage+the+word+has+come+to+imply+an+act+of+antisemitism%22 |title=A prayer for the government: Ukrainians and Jews in revolutionary times, 1917–1920 |first=Henry |last=Abramson |author-link=Henry Abramson |year=1999 |page=109 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-916458-88-1 |quote=The etymological roots of the term pogrom are unclear, although it seems to be derived from the Slavic word for "thunder(bolt)" (Russian: grom, Ukrainian: hrim). The first syllable, po-, is a prefix indicating "means" or "target". The word therefore seems to imply a sudden burst of energy (thunderbolt) directed at a specific target. A pogrom is generally thought of as a cross between a popular riot and a military atrocity, where an unarmed civilian, often urban, population is attacked by either an army unit or peasants from surrounding villages, or a combination of the two.}}</ref>

<ref name="antisemitism">{{cite book |editor-last=Bostom |editor-first=Andrew G. |date=2007 |title=The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History}}</ref>

<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089/ |title=World War II: Before the War |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=19 June 2011 |quote=Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on November 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps.}}</ref>

<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |first=Neil |last=Prior |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14582378 |title=History debate over anti-Semitism in 1911 Tredegar riot |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Berenbaum2005p49">{{cite book |last1=Berenbaum |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Berenbaum |first2=Arnold |last2=Kramer |date=2005 |title=The World Must Know |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |page=49}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergmann">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA351 |title=International handbook of violence research |volume=1 |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5 |quote=The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized.}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergmann2">Bergmann writes that "the concept of "ethnic violence" covers a range of heterogeneous phenomena, and in many cases there are still no established theoretical and conceptual distinctions in the field (Waldmann, 1995:343)" Bergmann then goes on to set out a variety of conflicting scholarly views on the definition and usage of the term pogrom.</ref>

<ref name="bookrags">{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/tragic-week-sjel-02/ |title=Tragic Week Summary |publisher=BookRags.com |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="books1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HDeEPouQm0C&pg=PT193 |title=Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882) |first=Sonja |last=Weinberg |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-631-60214-0 |page=193 |quote=Most contemporaries claimed that the pogroms were directed against Jewish property, not against Jews, a claim so far not contradicted by research.}}</ref>

<ref name="books2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzqDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT165 |title=Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives |first1=John D. |last1=Klier |first2=Anna Sapir |last2=Abulafia |author2-link=Anna Abulafia |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-4039-1382-1 |page=165 |quote=The pogroms themselves seem to have largely followed a set of unwritten rules. They were directed against Jewish property only.}}</ref>

<ref name="Brass">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Riots and Pogroms |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1282-5 |at=p. 3. ''Introduction''}}</ref>

<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |title=Pogrom |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=(Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |publisher=Britannica.com |year=2017 |author=((Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)) |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

<ref name="destruction">{{cite book |first=Jan Tomasz |last=Gross |title=Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland |title-link=Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland |publisher=[[Penguin Books]], [[Princeton University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref>

<ref name="dictionary">[[Oxford English Dictionary]], December 2007 revision. ''See also:'' [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pogrom Pogrom at Online Etymology Dictionary.]</ref>

<ref name="Engel">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&pg=PA19 |title=Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-last=Dekel-Chen |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Gaunt |editor3-first=Natan M. |editor3-last=Meir |editor4-first=Israel |editor4-last=Bartal |quote=Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank.|isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |date=26 November 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Gilbert30">{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy |url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb |url-access=registration |date=1986 |publisher=Collins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb/page/30 30–33] |isbn=978-0-00-216305-7}}</ref>

<ref name="google4">{{cite book |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1997 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/164 164] |quote=LAF units distinguished themselves by committing murder, rape, and pillage.}}</ref>

<ref name="google6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=RA1-PA366 |title=Antisemitism |first=Richard S. |last=Levy |date=24 May 2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=366 |isbn=978-1-85109-439-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Holocaust Revealed">{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/lithuania/lithuanian_history.htm |title=Holocaust Revealed |access-date=2 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083908/http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/lithuania/lithuanian_history.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="international">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA352 |pages=352–55 |chapter=Pogroms |title=International Handbook of Violence Research |date=2003 |last1=Bergmann |first1=Werner |isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5}}</ref>

<ref name="ipn">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&dzial=55&id=131&search=5667 |title=Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej |language=pl |trans-title=Institute of National Remembrance |access-date=15 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

<ref name="ipn5">{{cite web |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli |trans-title=A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620004217/http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli |archive-date=20 June 2013 |title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r. |date=30 June 2003 |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror" >{{cite news |first=Elias |last=Tobenkin |title=Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror |date=1 June 1919 |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-06-01/ed-1/seq-59/ |work=[[New York Tribune]] |access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="JewishWeek">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought |title=What The 'Pogrom' Wrought |website=The Jewish Week |first=Jonathan |last=Mark |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=15 February 2015 |quote=A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom. |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224338/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Klier58">{{cite book |first=John |last=Klier |author-link=John Klier |year=2011 |title=Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfVSNViOsZcC&pg=PA58 |page=58 |quote=By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life. |isbn=978-0-521-89548-4}}</ref>

<ref name="metropolitan">[[Amos Elon]] (2002), ''The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933''. [[Metropolitan Books]]. {{ISBN|0-8050-5964-4}}. p. 103.</ref>

<ref name="New York Magazine">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ/page/n27 28] |title=New York Magazine |access-date=15 February 2015 |author=New York Media, LLC |date=9 September 1991 |publisher=New York Media, LLC}}</ref>

<ref name="Pease">{{cite book |first=Neal |last=Pease |chapter='This Troublesome Question': The United States and the 'Polish Pogroms' of 1918–1919 |editor1-first=Mieczysław B. |editor1-last=Biskupski |editor2-first=Piotr Stefan |editor2-last=Wandycz |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhK5QebocBkC&q=pogrom |title=Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58046-137-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Pietrowski">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&pg=PA42 |title=Poland's Holocaust |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4|last1=Piotrowski |first1=Tadeusz |date=1 November 1997 |publisher=McFarland}}</ref>

<ref name="Rossino">{{Cite book |last=Rossino |first=Alexander B. |author-link=Alexander B. Rossino |title=Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife |date=1 November 2003 |publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization |isbn=978-1-909821-67-5 |editor1-last=Steinlauf |editor1-first=Michael C. |editor1-link=Michael C. Steinlauf |pages=431–452 |chapter="Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa." |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30 |jstor=j.ctv1rmk6w |editor2-last=Polonsky |editor2-first=Antony |editor2-link=Antony Polonsky}}</ref>

<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |first=Julia |last=Magnet |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1427687/The-terror-behind-Iraqs-Jewish-exodus.html |title=The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 April 2003}}</ref>

<ref name="ucsb">{{cite web |url=https://holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu/Resources/history_of_lviv.htm |title=Holocaust Resources, History of Lviv |work=holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="ushmm">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-farhud |title=The Farhud |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WileyBlackwell">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC&pg=PA324 |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael D. Biddiss |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref>

<ref name="yadvashem">{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20080226-romania-commission-holocaust-history.pdf |title=Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu |date=11 November 2004 |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zimmerman67">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=PA67 |title=Contested memories |author-link=Joshua D. Zimmerman |first=Joshua D. |last=Zimmerman |date=2003 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |pages=67–68 |isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Conaway">{{Cite journal |title=Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't |first=Carol B. |last=Conaway |journal=[[Polity (journal)|Polity]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=Autumn 1999 |pages=93–118 |doi=10.2307/3235335 |jstor=3235335 |s2cid=146866395}}</ref>

<ref name="Klier p13, 35">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&pg=PA13 |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |date=12 February 2004 |editor-link=John Klier |editor-first=John Doyle |editor-last=Klier |editor-first2=Shlomo |editor-last2=Lambroza |page=13 and 35 (footnotes) |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1}}</ref>

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