Editing Pneumonia (section)

==History==
[[File:WPA Pneumonia Poster.jpg|thumb|alt=A poster with a shark in the middle of it, which reads "Pneumonia Strikes Like a Man-Eating Shark Led by its Pilot Fish the Common Cold"|left|[[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] poster, 1936/1937]]

Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history.<ref name=History03>{{cite book |last=Feigin |first=Ralph |title=Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases |year=2004 |publisher=[[W. B. Saunders]] |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-9329-3 |page=299 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6k0tpPMRsIC&pg=PA299}}</ref> The word is from Greek πνεύμων (pneúmōn) meaning "lung".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English|date=2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|page=1369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1369|language=en}}</ref> The symptoms were described by [[Hippocrates]] ({{circa|460}}–370 BC):<ref name=History03/> "Peripneumonia, and pleuritic affections, are to be thus observed: If the fever be acute, and if there be pains on either side, or in both, and if expiration be if cough be present, and the sputa expectorated be of a blond or livid color, or likewise thin, frothy, and florid, or having any other character different from the common... When pneumonia is at its height, the case is beyond remedy if he is not purged, and it is bad if he has dyspnoea, and urine that is thin and acrid, and if sweats come out about the neck and head, for such sweats are bad, as proceeding from the suffocation, rales, and the violence of the disease which is obtaining the upper hand."<ref name="hippo">{{cite book |last=Hippocrates |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Regimen_in_Acute_Diseases |title=On acute diseases}}</ref> However, Hippocrates referred to pneumonia as a disease "named by the ancients". He also reported the results of surgical drainage of empyemas. [[Maimonides]] (1135–1204 AD) observed: "The basic symptoms that occur in pneumonia and that are never lacking are as follows: acute fever, sticking [[pleuritic]] pain in the side, short rapid breaths, serrated [[pulse]] and cough."<ref name=maimo>Maimonides, ''Fusul Musa'' ("''Pirkei Moshe''").</ref> This clinical description is quite similar to those found in modern textbooks, and it reflected the extent of medical knowledge through the [[Middle Ages]] into the 19th century.

[[Edwin Klebs]] was the first to observe bacteria in the airways of persons having died of pneumonia in 1875.<ref name=klebs>{{cite journal |author=Klebs E |title=''Beiträge zur Kenntniss der pathogenen Schistomyceten''. VII ''Die Monadinen'' |trans-title=Signs for Recognition of the Pathogen Schistomyceten |journal=Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. |volume=4 |issue=5/6 |pages=40–88 |date=10 December 1875}}</ref> Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes, ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' and ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'', was performed by [[Carl Friedländer]]<ref name=fried>{{cite journal |author=Friedländer C |title=''Über die Schizomyceten bei der acuten fibrösen Pneumonie'' |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=319–24 |date=4 February 1882 |doi=10.1007/BF01880516|s2cid=28324193 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2209659 }}</ref> and [[Albert Fraenkel (1848–1916)|Albert Fraenkel]]<ref name=fraenkel>{{cite journal |author=Fraenkel A |title=''Über die genuine Pneumonie, Verhandlungen des Congress für innere Medicin'' |journal=Dritter Congress |volume=3 |pages=17–31 |date=21 April 1884}}</ref> in 1882 and 1884, respectively. Friedländer's initial work introduced the [[Gram staining|Gram stain]], a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify and categorize bacteria. [[Christian Gram]]'s paper describing the procedure in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria, and showed that pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism.<ref name=gram>{{cite journal |author=Gram C |title=''Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trocken-präparaten'' |journal=Fortschr. Med. |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=185–89 |date=15 March 1884}}</ref> In 1887, Jaccond demonstrated pneumonia may be caused by opportunistic bacteria always present in the lung.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moM9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American|date=24 September 1887|publisher=Munn & Company|page=196|language=en}}</ref>

Sir [[William Osler]], known as "the father of modern medicine", appreciated the death and disability caused by pneumonia, describing it as the "captain of the men of death" in 1918, as it had overtaken tuberculosis as one of the leading causes of death at the time. This phrase was originally coined by [[John Bunyan]] in reference to "consumption" (tuberculosis).<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Tomashefski Jr JF |title=Dail and Hammar's pulmonary pathology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-98395-0|page=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-eYLc1BA3oC&pg=PA228|edition=3rd|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = William | last1 = Osler | first2 = Thomas | last2 = McCrae | title = The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine | url = https://archive.org/details/principlesandpr00mccrgoog |publisher=D. Appleton |year=1920 |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesandpr00mccrgoog/page/n105 78] |edition=9th|quote=<!-- quote=Captain of the Men of Death. --> One of the most widespread and fatal of all acute diseases, pneumonia has become the "Captain of the Men of Death", to use the phrase applied by John Bunyan to consumption.]}}</ref> Osler also described pneumonia as "the old man's friend" as death was often quick and painless when there were much slower and more painful ways to die.<ref name=EBMED05/>

Viral pneumonia was first described by [[Hobart Reimann]] in 1938. Reimann, Chairman of the Department of Medicine at [[Thomas Jefferson University|Jefferson Medical College]], had established the practice of routinely typing the pneumococcal organism in cases where pneumonia presented. Out of this work, the distinction between viral and bacterial strains was noticed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=wagner2|title=Thomas Jefferson University: Tradition and Heritage|last=Hodges|first=John H|date=1989|editor-last=Wagner|editor-first=Frederick B|website=Jefferson Digital Commons|series=Part III, Chapter 9: Department of Medicine|page=253|publication-date=1989}}</ref>

Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with pneumonia. With the advent of [[penicillin]] and other antibiotics, modern surgical techniques, and intensive care in the 20th century, mortality from pneumonia, which had approached 30%, dropped precipitously in the developed world. Vaccination of infants against ''Haemophilus influenzae'' type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter.<ref name=adams>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, Plikaytis BD, Zell ER, Broome CV, Wenger JD | title = Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era | journal = JAMA | volume = 269 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–26 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8417239 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1993.03500020055031 }}</ref> Vaccination against ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' in adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, resulting in a similar decline.<ref name="whit">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A |date=May 2003 |title=Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=348 |issue=18 |pages=1737–46 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa022823 |pmid=12724479 |collaboration=Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network|doi-access=free }}</ref>