Editing Moscow (section)

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Russia}}

===Overview===
{|class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:tan;"|'''Largest private companies based<br />in Moscow '''<br />(ranked by 2019 revenues)
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''Moscow'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''corporation'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Russia'''
|-
| 1||||[[Lukoil]]||||1
|-
| 2|||| [[X5 Retail Group]]|||||3
|-
| 3||||[[Novatek]]||||6
|-
| 4||||[[Nornickel]]||||9
|-
| 5|||| [[Rusal|UC Rusal]]||||11
|-
| 6|||| [[Sibur]]||||13
|-
| 7|||| [[Siberian Coal Energy Company|SUEK]]||||15
|-
| 8||||[[MTS (network provider)|MTS]]||||17
|-
| 9||||[[Metalloinvest]]|||||18
|-
| 10||||[[EuroChem]]||||21
|-
| 11||||[[MegaFon]]||||22
|-
| 12||||[[M.video]]||||24
|-
| 13||||[[OAO TMK|TMK]]||||25
|-
| 14||||[[Mechel]]||||26
|-
|colspan="5"|'''Source:''' ''Forbes''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |title=200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes &#124; Бизнес |date=16 September 2019 |website=Forbes.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
Moscow has one of the [[List of cities by GDP|largest municipal economies in Europe]] and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref>{{cite news |last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |title=Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202151836/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the [[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion([[US$]]332 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |title="GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" |publisher=rosstat.gov.ru |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |url-status=live }}</ref> GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.
[[File:Moscow Exhacnge main building.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moscow Exchange]]]]
The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688<ref>{{cite web |title=Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date= |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[US$]]2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ([[US$]]1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|third-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant [[Rosneft]]. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.<ref name="bofit_42_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=BOFIT Weekly 42/2010 |publisher=Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition |date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |access-date=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 }}</ref> Since the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

===Industry===
Primary [[Industry (economics)|industries]] in Moscow include the [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[metallurgy]], [[Food industry|food]], [[textile]], [[furniture]], [[energy production]], [[software development]] and [[machine]]ry industries.

The [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]] is a manufacturer of military and civil helicopters. [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [[Mir]], [[Salyut]] and the [[International Space Station|ISS]] as well as [[Proton (rocket)|Proton launch vehicles]] and military [[ICBM]]s. [[Sukhoi]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Mikoyan]], [[Tupolev]] and [[Yakovlev]] aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. [[NPO Energomash]], producing the [[rocket engine]]s for Russian and American space programs, as well as [[Lavochkin]] design bureau, which built [[fighter plane]]s during WWII, but switched to [[space probe]]s since the [[Space Race]], are in nearby [[Khimki]], an independent city in [[Moscow Oblast]] that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants [[ZiL]] and [[AZLK]], as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [[Metrovagonmash]] metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [[Poljot|Poljot Moscow watch factory]] produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.kristall.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery |publisher=Eng.kristall.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/ |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing [[vodka]] types, including "[[Stolichnaya]]" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/ |date=20 February 2001 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/ |date=2 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> and the Jewellerprom<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/ The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on 7 July 2006,</ref> are producers of jewelry in Russia.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including [[Ruselectronics]] companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of [[natural gas]] in the world and the largest [[Economy of Russia|Russian company]], has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of [[telecommunications]] and [[Technology company|technology]] companies, including [[1C Company|1C]], [[ABBYY]], [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]], [[Kaspersky Lab]], [[Mail.Ru|Mail.Ru Group]], [[MegaFon]], [[MTS (network provider)|MTS]], [[Rambler (portal)|Rambler&Co]], [[Rostelecom]], [[Yandex]], and [[Yota]].

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

===Cost of living===
{{See also|Hotels in Moscow}}
[[File:Moscow 09-13 img11 Tretyakovsky Passage.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]]]]
[[File:2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg|thumb|[[Nikolskaya Street]]|alt=|left]]
[[File:Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg|thumb|A [[microdistrict]] in [[Mitino District|Mitino]] built in the 1990s]]
During [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). [[Private ownership]] of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of [[real estate]] in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ |title=US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times |publisher=Waybackmachine.org |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |title=Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ |website=ИА REGNUM |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=20 June 2006 |access-date=14 July 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |title=Costs of realty in Moscow (2006) |publisher=Mosday.ru |language=ru |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about {{convert|30|m2|sqft|spell=in|lk=out|abbr=off}}, a typical two-bedroom apartment is {{convert|45|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}, and a typical three-bedroom apartment is {{convert|70|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [[dacha]]s (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive city for expatriate employees]], ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable [[Russian ruble]] as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities |archive-date=3 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |publisher=Mercer.com |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}</ref>

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [[list of most expensive cities]] for the third year in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000 |url-status=dead |title=Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets &#124; MSN Money |archive-date=5 August 2008 |website=www.msn.com }}</ref>

In 2014, according to ''Forbes'', Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. ''Forbes'' ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |title=The Most Expensive Cities In The World |first=Deborah L. |last=Jacobs |work=forbes.com |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |title=Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |url-status=live }}</ref> ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living |title=Europe falls behind USA in cost of living |work=[[ECA International]] |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Public utilities===
The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using [[District heating|central heating system]]. Before 2004, state [[unitary enterprise]]s were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the [[District heating substation|heating substations]] in the [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|north-eastern part]] of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ({{langx|ru|Московская теплосетевая компания}}). In 2007 the [[Government of Moscow]] bought controlling stakes in the company.<ref>[Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]</ref>

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy &#124; ForeignAffairs.co.nz |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005094106/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>