Editing Miscarriage (section)

==Outcomes==

===Psychological and emotional effects===
[[File:Karlsruhe Hauptfriedhof Kleinstkinder.jpg|thumb|A cemetery for miscarried fetuses, stillborn babies, and babies who have died soon after birth]]
{{See also|Miscarriage and grief|Miscarriage and mental illness}}
Every woman's personal experience of miscarriage is different, and women who have more than one miscarriage may react differently to each event.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Reagan|first=Leslie J |date=2003|title=From Hazard to Blessing to Tragedy: Representations of Miscarriage in Twentieth-Century America|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=357–378|jstor=3178514}}</ref>

In Western cultures since the 1980s,<ref name=":0" /> medical providers assume that experiencing a miscarriage "is a major loss for all pregnant women".<ref name="jeve" /> A miscarriage can result in anxiety, depression, or stress for those involved.<ref name="bmj" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunter A, Tussis L, MacBeth A | title = The presence of anxiety, depression and stress in women and their partners during pregnancies following perinatal loss: A meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 223 | pages = 153–164 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 28755623 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.004 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/42156012/JADacceptedManuscript.pdf | hdl = 20.500.11820/a0bba43c-6418-44dd-bc6c-ed94706ec617 | s2cid = 4919845 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Vismara L |title=Perspectives on perinatal stressful and traumatic experiences (review)|journal=European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation|volume=1|issue=2|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.03.006|year=2017}}</ref> It can affect the whole family.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garrido-Gimenez C, Alijotas-Reig J | title = Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation and management | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 91 | issue = 1073 | pages = 151–62 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25681385 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132672 | s2cid = 207022511 | url = http://pmj.bmj.com/content/91/1073/151 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/http://pmj.bmj.com/content/91/1073/151 | df = mdy-all | archive-date = September 10, 2017 }}</ref> Many of those experiencing a miscarriage go through a [[grief|grieving]] process.<ref name="Pregnancy loss" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.postpartumprogress.com/13-things-you-should-know-about-grief-after-miscarriage-or-baby-loss|title=13 Things To Know About Grief After Miscarriage or Loss|date=2013-05-16|work=Postpartum Progress|access-date=2017-09-09|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909192535/http://www.postpartumprogress.com/13-things-you-should-know-about-grief-after-miscarriage-or-baby-loss|archive-date=September 9, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.miscarriagesupport.org.nz/grief-issues-special-to-miscarriage/|title=Grief Issues Special to Miscarriage – the broken bond|website=www.miscarriagesupport.org.nz|date=April 22, 2015|language=en|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704235250/http://www.miscarriagesupport.org.nz/grief-issues-special-to-miscarriage/|archive-date=July 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "Prenatal attachment" often exists that can be seen as parental sensitivity, love and preoccupation directed towards the unborn child.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christiansen DM | title = Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents following infant death: A systematic review | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 51 | pages = 60–74 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27838460 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.007 }}</ref> Serious emotional impact is usually experienced immediately after the miscarriage.<ref name="Pregnancy loss" /> Some may go through the same loss when an ectopic pregnancy is terminated.<ref name="NHS-EctopicPregnancy">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/ |title=Ectopic pregnancy |author=<!--No author name given.--> |date=August 23, 2022 |website=NHS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725085050/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/ |archive-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref> In some, the realisation of the loss can take weeks. Providing [[family support]] to those experiencing the loss can be challenging because some find comfort in talking about the miscarriage, while others may find the event painful to discuss. The father can have the same sense of loss. Expressing feelings of grief and loss can sometimes be harder for men. Some women can begin planning their next pregnancy after a few weeks of having a miscarriage. For others, planning another pregnancy can be difficult.<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Afterwards"/><ref name="misorg">{{cite web | url = https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Thinking-about-another-pregnancy.pdf | title = Thinking About Another Pregnancy | publisher = [[Miscarriage Association]] | access-date = 4 September 2017 | date = 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905051002/https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Thinking-about-another-pregnancy.pdf | archive-date = September 5, 2017 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Some facilities acknowledge the loss. Parents can name and hold their infant. They may be given mementos such as photos and footprints. Some conduct a funeral or memorial service. They may express the loss by planting a tree.<ref>{{cite book|title=Becoming Parents and Overcoming Obstacles: Understanding the Experience of Miscarriage, Premature Births, Infertility, and Postnatal Depression|last=Emanuela.|first=Quagliata|date=2013|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=978-1782200185|page=63|oclc=858653965}}</ref>

Some health organizations recommend that sexual activity be delayed after a miscarriage. The menstrual cycle should resume after about three to four months.<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Afterwards">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/afterwards/ |title=Miscarriage – Afterwards |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=May 10, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510204654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/afterwards/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Women reported that they were dissatisfied with the care they received from physicians and nurses.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Joanne|date=2014-03-01|title=Provision of information and support to women who have suffered an early miscarriage (review)|journal=British Journal of Midwifery|volume=22|issue=3|pages=175–180|doi=10.12968/bjom.2014.22.3.175|issn=0969-4900}}</ref>{{Context inline|date=May 2022}}

===Subsequent pregnancies===
Some parents want to try to have a baby very soon after the miscarriage. The decision to try to become pregnant again can be difficult. Reasons exist that may prompt parents to consider another pregnancy. For older mothers, there may be some sense of urgency. Other parents are optimistic that future pregnancies are likely to be successful. Many are hesitant and want to know about the risk of having another or more miscarriages. Some clinicians recommend that the women have one [[menstrual cycle]] before attempting another pregnancy. This is because the date of conception may be hard to determine. Also, the first menstrual cycle after a miscarriage can be much longer or shorter than expected. Parents may be advised to wait even longer if they have experienced late miscarriage or [[molar pregnancy]], or are undergoing tests. Some parents wait for six months based on recommendations from their healthcare provider.<ref name="misorg"/>

Research shows that depression after a miscarriage or stillbirth can continue for years, even after the birth of a subsequent child.  Medical professionals are advised to take previous loss of a pregnancy into account when assessing risks for postnatal depression following the birth of a subsequent infant. It is believed that supportive interventions may improve the health outcomes of both the mother and the child.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Who Miscarry Have Long-lasting Mental Health Problems |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/women-who-miscarry-have-long-lasting-mental-health-problems |website=University of Rochester Medical Center |access-date=April 11, 2023}}</ref>

The risks of having another miscarriage vary according to the cause. The risk of having another miscarriage after a molar pregnancy is very low. The risk of another miscarriage is highest after the third miscarriage. Pre-conception care is available in some locales.<ref name="misorg" />

===Later cardiovascular disease===
There is a significant association between miscarriage and later development of [[coronary artery disease]], but not [[cerebrovascular disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oliver-Williams CT, Heydon EE, Smith GC, Wood AM | title = Miscarriage and future maternal cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Heart | volume = 99 | issue = 22 | pages = 1636–44 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23539554 | pmc = 3812894 | doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303237 }}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page = 172}}