Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Middle Ages
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== References == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Laurie Schneider |title=A History of Western Art |publisher=McGraw Hill |location=Boston, MA |year=2001 |isbn=0-07-231717-5 |edition=Third}} * {{cite book |last=Albrow |first=Martin |title=The Global Age: State and Society Beyond Modernity |year=1997 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-2870-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/globalagestateso0000albr}} * {{cite book |last=Backman |first=Clifford R. |title=The Worlds of Medieval Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512169-8}} * {{cite book |last=Barber |first=Malcolm |author-link=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050β1320 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2}} * {{cite book |last=Barber |first=Richard |title=Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: A Biography of the Black Prince |author-link=Richard Barber |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=0-684-15864-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardprinceofwa00barb}} * {{cite book |last=Barlow |first=Frank |title=The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042β1216 |author-link=Frank Barlow (historian) |edition=Fourth |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=0-582-49504-0}} * {{cite book |last=Bauer |first=Susan Wise |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer |title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-05975-5 |year=2010}} * {{cite book |last=Benton |first=Janetta Rebold |author-link=Janetta Rebold Benton |title=Art of the Middle Ages |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |series=World of Art |location=London |isbn=0-500-20350-4}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[British Library]] |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |title=Incunabula Short Title Catalogue |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=8 April 2012}} * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Brown (historian) |title=The World of Late Antiquity AD 150β750 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |year=1989 |isbn=0-393-95803-5 |series=Library of World Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/worldoflateantiq0000brow}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Brown |first=Thomas |title=The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean, 400β900 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor-last=Holmes |editor-first=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=1β62}} * {{cite book |last=Bruni |first=Leonardo |author-link=Leonardo Bruni |editor-last=Hankins |editor-first=James |title=History of the Florentine People |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |volume=1 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-674-00506-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofflorent00brun}} * {{cite book |last=Colish |first=Marcia L. |title=Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400β1400 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=1997 |isbn=0-300-07852-8}} * {{cite book |last=Collins |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Collins |title=Early Medieval Europe: 300β1000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-312-21886-9 |edition=Second}} * {{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases |last=Coredon |first=Christopher |year=2007 |edition=Reprint |publisher=D. S. Brewer |location=Woodbridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84384-138-8}} * {{cite book |last=Cosman |first=Madeleine Pelner |title=Medieval Wordbook: More the 4,000 Terms and Expressions from Medieval Culture |year=2007 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-8725-0}} * {{cite book |last=Crampton |first=R. J. |title=A Concise History of Bulgaria |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-61637-9}} * {{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Cunliffe |title=Europe Between the Oceans: Themes and Variations 9000 BCβAD 1000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-11923-7}} * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500β1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-89452-2}} * {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-520912-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dawtry |first=Anne |title=Agriculture |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=15β16}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Denley |first=Peter |title=The Mediterranean in the Age of the Renaissance, 1200β1500 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor-last=Holmes |editor-first=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=235β296}} * {{cite book |last=Dodwell |first=C. R. |title=The Pictorial Arts of the West: 800β1200 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |series=Pellican History of Art |year=1993 |isbn=0-300-06493-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialartsofw00dodw}} * {{cite book |last=Epstein |first=Steven A. |title=An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe, 1000β1500 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-70653-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsocialhi0000epst}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Flexner |editor-first=Stuart Berg |editor-link=Stuart Berg Flexner |title=The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: Unabridged |edition=Second |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-394-50050-4}} * {{cite book |last=Gainty |first=Denis |last2=Ward |first2=Walter D. |title=Sources of World Societies: Volume 2: Since 1500 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |year=2009 |isbn=0-312-68858-X |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofworldso0000unse}} * {{cite book |last=Geary |first=Patrick J. |author-link=Patrick J. Geary |title=Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-504458-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/beforefrancegerm0000gear}} * {{cite book |last=Gies |first=Joseph |last2=Gies |first2=Frances |title=Life in a Medieval City |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |year=1973 |isbn=0-8152-0345-4}} * {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80279-6}} * {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Grant |title=Planets, Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200β1687 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-43344-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Grierson |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Grierson |title=Coinage and currency |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=97β98}} * {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Antony |title=Prints and Printmaking |year=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=0-7141-2608-X |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif}} * {{cite book |last=Hallam |first=Elizabeth M. |last2=Everard |first2=Judith |title=Capetian France 987β1328 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0-582-40428-2}} * {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Bernard |title=Religion in the Medieval West |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=0-340-80839-X |edition=Second}} * {{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |title=The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-532541-6}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Helle |editor-first=Knut |editor-last2=Kouri |editor-first2=E. I. |editor-last3=Olesen |editor-first3=Jens E. |title=Cambridge History of Scandinavia Part 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-47299-7 |location=New York}} * {{cite book |last=Henderson |first=George |title=Early Medieval |year=1977 |edition=Revised |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |oclc=641757789}} * {{cite book |last=Holmes |first=George |editor-link=George Holmes (historian) |title=The Oxford History of Medieval Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-285272-8}} * {{cite book |last=Ilardi |first=Vincent |title=Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes |publisher=American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-87169-259-7}} * {{cite book |last=James |first=Edward |author-link=Edward James (historian) |title=Europe's Barbarians: AD 200β600 |publisher=Pearson Longman |location=Harlow, UK |isbn=978-0-582-77296-0 |year=2009 |series=The Medieval World}} * {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=William C. |title=Europe in the High Middle Ages |publisher=Viking |year=2003 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03202-0 |series=Penguin History of Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/europeinhighmidd00jord}} * {{cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Kamen |title=Spain 1469β1714 |year=2005 |edition=Third |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=New York |isbn=0-582-78464-6}} * {{cite book |last=Kaufmann |first=J. E. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=H. W. |title=The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages |publisher=Da Capo |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0-306-81358-0 |year=2001 |edition=2004}} * {{cite book |last=Keen |first=Maurice |title=The Pelican History of Medieval Europe |publisher=Penguin |location=London |orig-year=1968 |year=1988 |isbn=0-14-021085-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/pelicanhistoryof00keen}} * {{cite book |last=Kitzinger |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Kitzinger |title=Early Medieval Art at the British Museum |year=1955 |edition=Second |publisher=British Museum |location=London |oclc=510455}} * {{cite web |last=Knox |first=E. L. |url=http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/latemiddleages/renaissance/historyren.shtml |title=History of the Idea of the Renaissance |work=Europe in the Late Middle Ages |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=Boise State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203005134/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/latemiddleages/renaissance/historyren.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |last=Lasko |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lasko |title=Ars Sacra, 800β1200 |series=Penguin History of Art (now Yale) |year=1972 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=0-14-056036-X}} * {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=C. H. |title=Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages |publisher=Longman |edition=Third |location=Harlow, UK |isbn=0-582-40427-4 |year=2001}} * {{cite book |last=Lightbown |first=Ronald W. |title=Secular Goldsmiths' Work in Medieval France: A History |series=Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-99027-1 |year=1978}} * {{cite journal |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |author-link1=David C. Lindberg |last2=Numbers |first2=Ronald L. |author-link2=Ronald Numbers |title=Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science |journal=Church History |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=338β354 |year=1986 |jstor=3166822}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |author-link=David C. Lindberg |title=The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor |editor-last1=Lindberg |editor-first1=David C. |editor-last2=Numbers |editor-first2=Ronald L. |encyclopedia=When Science & Christianity Meet |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-226-48214-6}} * {{cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-39312-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Avignon |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |page=45}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |page=122}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Famine |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=127β128}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Great Schism |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |page=153}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Hundred Years' War |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |page=176}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Jews |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=190β192}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Knights of the Temple (Templars) |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=201β202}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Language and dialect |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |page=204}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Loyn |first=H. R. |author-link=H. R. Loyn |title=Scholasticism |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=293β294}} * {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Janet |title=Medieval Russia 980β1584 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |isbn=0-521-36832-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Mediaeval |encyclopedia=The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: Complete Text Arranged Micrographically: Volume I Aβ0 |page=M290 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Glasgow |year=1971 |lccn=72177361 |oclc=490339790}} * {{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Middle%20Ages |title=Middle Ages |dictionary=Dictionary.com |year=2004 |access-date=7 April 2012}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Miglio |first=Massimo |title=Curial Humanism seen through the Prism of the Papal Library |editor-last=Mazzocco |editor-first=Angelo |encyclopedia=Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |pages=97β112 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-15244-1 |series=Brill's Studies in Intellectual History}} * {{cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodore E. |author-link=Theodor Ernst Mommsen |title=Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages' |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=226β242 |date=April 1942 |jstor=2856364}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Morris |first=Rosemary |title=Northern Europe invades the Mediterranean, 900β1200 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor-last=Holmes |editor-first=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=175β234}} * {{cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alexander |title=Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished? |journal=Essays in Medieval Studies |volume=21 |year=2004 |pages=1β22 |doi=10.1353/ems.2005.0010}} * {{cite book |last=Nees |first=Lawrence |title=Early Medieval Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford History of Art |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-284243-5}} * {{cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |author-link=David Nicolle |title=Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom |publisher=Brockhampton |location=London |year=1999 |isbn=1-86019-889-9}} * {{cite web |last=Numbers |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Numbers |url=https://www.faraday.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/CIS/Numbers/Numbers_Lecture.pdf |title=Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective |work=Lecture archive |date=11 May 2006 |publisher=The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion |access-date=25 January 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Payne (author) |title=The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades |publisher=Cooper Square |location=New York |edition=First paperback |year=2000 |isbn=0-8154-1086-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=Ted |author-link=Ted Peters (theologian) |title=Science and Religion |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |edition=Second |volume=12 |publisher=MacMillan Reference |location=Detroit, MI |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-02-865980-0 |page=8182}} * {{cite book |last=Pounds |first=N. J. G. |year=1990 |title=An Historical Geography of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-32217-0}} * {{cite book |last=Power |first=Daniel |year=2006 |title=The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950β1320 |series=The Short Oxford History of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-925312-8}} * {{cite book |last=Reilly |first=Bernard F. |title=The Medieval Spains |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-39741-3 |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=Crusades |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=106β107}} * {{cite book |last=Rosenwein |first=Barbara H. |title=Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-8122-7830-5}} * {{cite book |last=Russell |first=Jeffey Burton |title=Inventing the Flat Earth-Columbus and Modern Historians |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |year=1991 |isbn=0-275-95904-X}} * {{cite book |last=Saul |first=Nigel |author-link=Nigel Saul |title=A Companion to Medieval England 1066β1485 |year=2000 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud, UK |isbn=0-7524-2969-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Schove |first=D. Justin |title=Plague |encyclopedia=The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Thames & Hudson |editor-last=Loyn |editor-first=H. R. |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-500-27645-5 |pages=267β269}} * {{cite book |last=Singman |first=Jeffrey L. |title=Daily Life in Medieval Europe |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport, CT |series=Daily Life Through History |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30273-1}} * {{cite book |last=Stalley |first=Roger |title=Early Medieval Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford History of Art |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-284223-7}} * {{cite book |last=Tansey |first=Richard G. |last2=Gardner |first2=Helen Louise |last3=De la Croix |first3=Horst |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=San Diego, CA |year=1986 |isbn=0-15-503763-3 |edition=Eighth |url=https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou02gard}} * {{cite book |last=Thomson |first=John A. F. |title=The Western Church in the Middle Ages |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |isbn=0-340-60118-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/westernchurchinm0000thom}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Vale |first=Malcolm |title=The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200β1500 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor-last=Holmes |editor-first=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=297β351}} * {{cite book |last=Watts |first=John |title=The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300β1500 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-79664-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Whitton |first=David |title=The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900β1200 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe |editor-last=Holmes |editor-first=George |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-285220-5 |pages=115β174}} * {{cite book |last=Wickham |first=Chris |author-link=Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400β1000 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}} {{refend}}
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Middle Ages
(section)
Add topic