Editing Indo-Aryan languages (section)

=== Charts ===
The following are consonant systems of major and representative New Indo-Aryan languages, mostly following {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=106–107}}, though here they are in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Parentheses indicate those consonants found only in loanwords: square brackets indicate those with "very low functional load". The arrangement is roughly geographical.

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" 
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Romani
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|(ts)}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|pʲ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}} || {{IPA|kʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|(dz)}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}} || {{IPA|ɡʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || {{IPA|nʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|(fʲ)}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|(z)}} || || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|l}} || || || || {{IPA|lʲ}}
|-
| || || || {{IPA|j}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Shina
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɖʐ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|tʂʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || || {{IPA|ɕ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || {{IPA|ʑ}} || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|}
| colspan="2"|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Kashmiri
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|pʲ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʈʲ}} || {{IPA|tsʲ}} || {{IPA|kʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɖʲ}} || || {{IPA|ɡʲ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|pʲʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʲʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʲʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʲʰ}} || {{IPA|kʲʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|mʲ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || {{IPA|sʲ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|z}} || || || || {{IPA|ɦ}} || || {{IPA|zʲ}} || || || {{IPA|ɦʲ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾʲ lʲ}} ||
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|wʲ}}
|}
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" 
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Saraiki
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɓ}} || || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|ʄ}} || {{IPA|ɠ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|(ʃ)}} || {{IPA|(x)}}
|-
| || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|(ɣ) ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
| {{IPA|wʱ}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Punjabi
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|[ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ ɭ}}
|-
| {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Nepali
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dzʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}}
|-
| {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Sylheti<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0630.pdf |title=An Acoustic Analysis of Sylheti Phonemes |last1=Gope |first1=Amalesh |last2=Mahanta |first2=Shakuntala |date=2015 |location=Glasgow |conference=ICPhS 2015 |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>

|-
| || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || ||
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{nbsp}}ʃ{{nbsp}} || {{IPA|x}}
|-
| || {{IPA|z}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|r l}} || 
|-
| || || || 
|}
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" 
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Sindhi<ref>{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=10 September 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɓ}} || || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|ʄ}} || {{IPA|ɠ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|(ʃ)}} || {{IPA|(x)}}
|-
| || {{IPA|(z)}} || || || {{IPA|(ɣ) ɦ}}
|-
| || || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|-
| || || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
| {{IPA|wʱ}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Marwari
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|ɗ̪}} || {{IPA|ɗ}} || || {{IPA|ɠ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
| {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ ɭ}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
| {{IPA|wʱ}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+Hindustani
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}}
|{{IPA|(q)}}|| {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|{{IPA|(ɣ)}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA|(x)}}|| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}}
| || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|(ɳ)}}
|
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|(f)}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|(ʂ)}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|{{IPA|(ʒ)}}
|
|-
| || {{IPA|(z)}} || || 
| || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|[r] ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
| || || {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
{{IPA|[w]}}
| || || {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Assamese
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|dʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
 || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|x}}
|-
 || || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
 || || {{IPA|ɹ l}} || 
|-
| {{IPA|[w]}}
|}
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" 
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Bengali
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|  || {{IPA|[s]}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}}|| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
|  || {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|-
| || || {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
|-
|  || || || {{IPA|[j]}}
|}<!--
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;" -->
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Gujarati
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
| {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɭ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}} || || 
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Marathi
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dzʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
| {{IPA|mʱ}} || {{IPA|nʱ}} || {{IPA|ɳʱ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|ɭ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾʱ lʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
| {{IPA|wʱ}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Odia
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
| {{IPA|bʱ}} || {{IPA|d̪ʱ}} || {{IPA|ɖʱ}} || {{IPA|dʒʱ}} || {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}} || {{IPA|[ɽ] ɭ}}
|-
| || || {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|[w]}} || || || {{IPA|[j]}}
|}
|
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid black"
|+ Sinhala
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ᵐb}} || {{IPA|ⁿ̪d}} || {{IPA|ᶯɖ}} || || {{IPA|ᵑɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|s}} || || || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
| || {{IPA|ɾ l}}
|-
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|}
|}