Editing History of Pakistan (section)

=== Muslim homeland – "''Now or Never''" ===
{{main|Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|United Kingdom general election, 1929 }}
[[File:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.jpg|thumb|left|Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]] presiding the session]]

The [[1929 United Kingdom general election|general elections]] held in the United Kingdom had already weakened the leftist [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] led by Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Furthermore, the Labour Party's government was already weakened by the [[Aftermath of World War I|outcomes]] of [[World War I]], which fueled new hopes for progress towards self-government in [[British India]].<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> In fact, [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]] traveled to London to press the idea of "[[Self-governance|self-government]]" in British India, and claimed to represent all Indians whilst duly criticizing the Muslim League as being sectarian and divisive.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> After reviewing the report of the Simon Commission, the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress]] initiated a massive [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] under [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]; the Muslim League reserved their opinion on the Simon Report declaring that the report was not final and the matters should be decided after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India.<ref name="Round Table Conferences">{{cite web|title=Round Table Conferences|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/round-table-conferences/|work=Story of Pakistan|publisher=Round Table Conferences|access-date=27 September 2013|date=June 2003}}</ref>

The [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round-table Conferences]] were held, but these achieved little, since Gandhi and the League were unable to reach a compromise.<ref name="Round Table Conferences"/> Witnessing the events of the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] had despaired of politics and particularly of getting mainstream parties like the Congress to be sensitive to minority priorities. During this time in 1930, notable writer and poet, [[Muhammad Iqbal]] called for a separate and autonomous nation-state, who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.<ref name="aips">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html|title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address|work=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="critique">{{cite book|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|title=Iqbal|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|location=London; New York|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&pg=PA138|isbn=978-1-84511-094-9}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions [...] Personally, I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.|sign=[[Muhammad Iqbal]]|source=[[Allahabad Address]]}}[[File:Historic pakistan rel96b.JPG|thumb|Dream of [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]] and [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali|Ali]]'s [[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|''Now or Never'']] idealized the merger of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] into a [[nation-state]], called [[Pakistan]].]]

The name of the [[nation-state]] was coined by the [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]'s [[political science]] student and Muslim nationalist [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali|Rahmat Ali]],<ref name="dailytimes1">{{cite news |author=Ihsan Aslam |title=The History Man: Cambridge remembers Rahmat Ali |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6 |publisher=Daily Times |date=11 February 2004 |access-date=4 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616183117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-2-2004_pg3_6 |archive-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> and was published on 28 January 1933 in the pamphlet [[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|''Now or Never'']].<ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|work=Pakistan Movement Historical Documents|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|date=28 January 1933|access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> After coining the name of the nation-state, Ali noticed that there is an acronym formed from the names of the "homelands" of Muslims in northwest India:
* "'''P'''" for [[Punjab, Pakistan|'''P'''unjab]]
* "'''A'''" for [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|'''A'''fghania]] (now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* "'''K'''" for [[Azad Kashmir|'''K'''ashmir]]
* "'''I'''" for [[Iran|'''I'''ran]]
* "'''S'''" for [[Sindh|'''S'''indh]]
* "'''Tan'''" for [[Baluchistan (region)|Balochis'''tan''']]; thus forming "Pakistan".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm |title=Ch. Rahmat Ali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419012150/http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm |archive-date=19 April 2011 |url-status=usurped |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="dailytimes1" />
After the publication of the pamphlet, the Hindu Press vehemently criticized it, and the word 'Pakstan' used in it.<ref>Khursheed Kamal Aziz. Rahmat Ali: a biography.1987, p.92</ref> Thus this word became a heated topic of debate.  With the addition of an "i" to [[euphony|improve the pronunciation]], the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the commencement of the [[Pakistan Movement]], and consequently the creation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>Khursheed Kamal Aziz. Rahmat Ali: a biography.1987, p472-487</ref>
In [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, the name encapsulates the concept of ''Pak'' ("pure") and ''stan'' ("land") and hence a "Pure Land".<ref name="amphilosoc">{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. Norman|title=India's Pakistan Issue|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=91|issue=2|page=161|date=5 April 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpWH6doabbYC&pg=PA161-IA2|issn=0003-049X}}</ref> In 1935, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] proposed to hand over [[Government of India Act 1935|substantial power]] to elected Indian provincial legislatures, with elections to be held in 1937.<ref name="The Communal Award">{{cite web|title=The Communal Award|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-communal-award/|publisher=The Communal Award|date=June 2003}}</ref> After the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|elections]] the League took office in Bengal and Punjab, but the Congress won office in most of the other provinces, and refused to devolve power with the League in provinces with large Muslim minorities citing technical difficulties. The subsequent Congress Rule was unpopular among Muslims and seen as a reign of Hindu tyranny by Muslim leaders. Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared 22 December 1939, a [[Day of Deliverance (India)|"Day of Deliverance"]] for Indian Muslims. It was meant to celebrate the resignation of all members of the Congress party from provincial and central offices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/rule-of-congress-ministries|title=Rule of Congress Ministries {{!}} The Government of India Act of 1935 was practically implemented in 1937.|date=1 June 2003|website=Story of Pakistan|language=en-US|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193146/https://storyofpakistan.com/rule-of-congress-ministries|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Muslim ideologues for independence also felt vindicated by the presidential address of [[V.D. Savarkar]] at the 19th session of the famous Hindu nationalist party [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in 1937. In it, this legendary revolutionary – popularly called [[Veer Savarkar]] and known as the iconic father of the Hindu fundamentalist ideology – propounded the seminal ideas of his [[Two Nation Theory]] or ethnic exclusivism, which influenced Jinnah profoundly.