Editing Hesse (section)

== Economy ==

=== Financial ===
With Hesse's largest city [[Frankfurt am Main]] being home of the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB), the [[Bundesbank|German Bundesbank]] and the [[Frankfurt Stock Exchange]], Hesse is home to the financial capital of mainland Europe. Furthermore, Hesse has always been one of the largest and healthiest economies in Germany. Its [[GDP]] in 2013 exceeded €236&nbsp;billion (about US$316&nbsp;billion).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themenauswahl/gesamtwirtschaft-konjunktur/landesdaten/bip-wirtschaftsbereichen/grundzahlen-bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung/index.html|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt|publisher=Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt|year=2012|work=Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen|access-date=27 March 2013|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914010546/http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themenauswahl/gesamtwirtschaft-konjunktur/landesdaten/bip-wirtschaftsbereichen/grundzahlen-bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung/index.html|archive-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> This makes Hesse itself one of the largest economies in Europe and the 38th largest in the world.<ref>See the [[list of countries by GDP (nominal)]].</ref> According to GDP-per-capita figures, Hesse is the wealthiest state (after the [[city-state]]s [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]]) in Germany with approx. US$52,500.

Frankfurt is crucial as a [[financial center]], with both the [[European Central Bank]] and the [[Deutsche Bundesbank]]'s headquarters located there. Numerous smaller banks and [[Deutsche Bank]], [[DZ Bank]], [[KfW|KfW Bank]], [[Commerzbank]] are also headquartered in Frankfurt, with the offices of several international banks also being housed there. Frankfurt is also the location of the most important German stock exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. [[Insurance]] companies have settled mostly in [[Wiesbaden]]. The city's largest private employer is the [[R+V Versicherung]], with about 3,900 employees, other major employers are [[Winterthur Group|DBV-Winterthur]], the [[SV SparkassenVersicherung]] and the [[Delta Lloyd Group]].

<gallery>
ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg|[[European Central Bank]]
Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg| [[Deutsche Bank]]
Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg| [[Commerzbank]]
</gallery>

=== Chemical and pharma ===
The [[Frankfurt Rhine-Main|Rhine-Main Region]] has the second largest industrial density in Germany after the [[Ruhr area]]. The main economic fields of importance are the [[chemical]] and [[pharmaceutical]] industries with [[Sanofi]], [[Merck Group|Merck]], [[Heraeus]], [[Stada Arzneimittel|Stada]], [[Messer Griesheim]], [[Bayer#Bayer CropScience|Bayer Crop Science]], [[SGL Carbon]], [[Celanese]], [[Cabot Corporation|Cabot]], [[Clariant]], [[Akzo Nobel]], [[Kuraray]], [[Ineos]], [[LyondellBasell]], {{ill|Allessa|de|Allessa (Unternehmen)}} and [[Evonik Industries]]. But also other consumer goods are produced by [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Coty Inc.|Coty]] and [[Colgate Palmolive]]. The Rhine-Main Region is not restricted only to Hesse, smaller part is in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. There situated 2 important pharma companies: [[BioNTech]](HQ), which found the first mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 in the world (licensed to [[Pfizer]]), and [[Boehringer Ingelheim]], close to Hesse's border in [[Mainz]] and [[Ingelheim]] respectively. It supports from [[International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research|Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research]], [[Max Planck Institute for Brain Research]] and [[Paul Ehrlich Institute]].

Also in other part of Hesse there is important pharma and medical manufacturers, especially in [[Marburg]] where there is industry park based on ex-Behring Werke: [[BioNTech]] (mRNA vaccines), [[CSL Behring]], [[Temmler]] and [[Melsungen]] with [[B. Braun]]. Pharma activity in [[Marburg]] is also supported from research facilities: [[Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology]], {{ill|Center for undiagnosed and rare diseases|de|Zentrum für unerkannte und seltene Erkrankungen}}, {{ill|Institute of Virology (Marburg)|de|Institut für Virologie der Universität Marburg}}(researh of [[Ebolavirus]] and [[Marburgvirus]]; [[Parasitology]]) with [[Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4|BSL4-Labor]], {{ill|Marburg Heavy Ion Beam Therapy Center|de|Marburger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum}}.

[[Merck Group|Merck]] controls ca. 60% of world's [[liquid crystal]] market.

[[Heraeus]], [[Umicore]] and [[Evonik Industries]] manufacture different type of catalysts from [[Platinum metals]], [[Vanadium]], [[Neodymium]], [[Manganese]], [[Copper]] etc.

In east [[Fulda]] there is the tire plant ([[Dunlop Tyres|Fulda Reifen]]). 2 other tire plants are in [[Korbach]] from [[Continental AG|Continental]] and [[Hanau]] from [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]].

<gallery>
Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg| [[Sanofi]] in Industrial Park "[[Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)|Höchst]]"
Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg| [[Merck Group|Merck]] in [[Darmstadt]]
Marburg,_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg| Industrial Park "Behringwerke"
</gallery>

=== Metallurgy and nuclear ===
Specialised metallurgical industry focused on [[Platinum group|platinum metals]] has been represented by [[Heraeus]] and [[Umicore]] and magnetic materials have been a focus of [[Vacuumschmelze]] based in [[Hanau]]. Also in [[Hanau]] there used to be a plant producing nuclear fuel (classical uranium, but also [[MOX fuel]]), but the production has stopped and the facility has been mothballed. [[Heraeus]] continues to manufacture irradiation sources from [[Cobalt]] and [[Iridium]].

=== Engineering ===
In the mechanical and automotive engineering field [[Opel]] in Rüsselsheim is worth mentioning. After acquisition Opel by [[Stellantis]], it is in rapid decline of production and employment. Which has also negative effect on automotive parts supplier, [[Continental AG|Continental]] will close a plant in [[Karben]] and cut jobs at other location in Hesse. In northern Hesse, in [[Baunatal]], [[Volkswagen AG]] has a large factory that manufactures spare parts, not far-away from it there is also a [[Daimler Truck]] plant, which produces an axes.

[[Alstom]], after takeover of [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], has a large plant that manufactures [[Alstom Traxx|Traxx]] [[locomotive]]s in [[Kassel]]. Industrial printers ([[Manroland]], [[Gallus Holding]]), x-ray airport check equipment ([[Smiths Group#Smiths Detection|Smiths]]), handling and loading equipment ([[Dematic]]), chemical equipment ([[Air Liquide#Subsidiaries|Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions]]), vacuum pumps ([[Pfeiffer Vacuum]]), vacuum industrial furnace (ALD Vacuum Technologies), textile machines (Karl Mayer), shavers ([[Braun (company)|Braun]]), medical ([[Fresenius SE|Fresenius]], [[Sirona Dental Systems|Sirona]]) and industrial (Schenck Process, [[Samson AG|Samson]]) apparatuses are produced in Rhine-Main Region.

Manufacturing of [[Furnace (central heating)|heating boilers]] and [[heat pump]]s are typical for Hesse and represented with [[Bosch Thermotechnik]] and [[Viessmann]].

Vistec produces [[electron-beam lithography]] systems for semiconductor industry in [[Weilburg]], also there is manufacturing of inspection, testing and measurement equipment for semiconductor fabrication process from [[KLA Corporation|KLA-Tencor]].
[[Leica Microsystems]] manufactures different types of microscopes, inclusive they with special light microscopic optics, which are used in wafer and photo mask testing. PVA TePla from [[Wettenberg]] is specialist for crystal growing process (Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, InP) with [[Czochralski method|Czochralski Process]], [[Zone melting|Float-Zone Process]], [[Chemical Vapor Deposition|High-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition]], Vertical Gradient Freeze equipment, quality inspection apparatus, plasma and vacuum machine. [[ABB]] Robotics is in [[Friedberg, Hesse|Friedberg]]. Satisloh is a machine manufacturer in [[Wetzlar]] for the production of lenses and components for the optical industry.

=== Aerospace ===
The company operating [[Frankfurt Airport]] is one of the largest employers in Hesse with nearly 22,000 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fraport.com/en/misc/binaer/fraport-group/investors/events-and-publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2017/_jcr_content.file/gb_2017_en_web.pdf|title=Annual Report 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203336/https://www.fraport.com/en/misc/binaer/fraport-group/investors/events-and-publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2017/_jcr_content.file/gb_2017_en_web.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aerospace cluster contains also [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]]'s aviation engine work in [[Oberursel (Taunus)|Oberursel]] and [[Auxiliary power unit|APU]] manufacturing plant and service center of [[Honeywell]] in [[Raunheim]].

=== Optics and electronics ===
Companies with an international reputation are located outside the Rhine-Main region in [[Wetzlar]]. There is the center of the optical, electrical and precision engineering industries, [[Esselte Leitz GmbH & Co KG|Leitz]], [[Leica Camera|Leica]], [[Minox]], Hensoldt ([[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]]) and [[Brita (company)|Brita]] with several plants in central Hesse.

Oculus Optikgeräte manufactures [[Scheimpflug principle|Scheimpflug]] tomographs for examining the anterior segment of the eye, topographers for measuring the anterior surface of the cornea, tonometers for assessing the biomechanical properties of the cornea, a wide-angle observation system for vitreous body surgery, universal trial goggles for subjective refraction, various perimeters for visual field testing and vision testing devices for testing eyesight.

Electrical transformers are produced by Hitachi ABB Power Grids in [[Hanau]] and [[Siemens Energy AG|Siemens Energy]] in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]. [[SMA Solar Technology]] manufactures an inverters for photovoltaic systems. [[Rittal]] is specialized on [[electrical enclosure]] situated in [[Herborn, Hesse|Herborn]] and [[Eschenburg]]. Power semiconductors from [[IXYS Corporation|IXYS]] in [[Lampertheim]] and UV and infrared lamps from [[Heraeus]].

=== IT and telecom ===

Many IT and telecommunications companies are located in Hesse, many of them in Frankfurt and Darmstadt, like [[Software AG]] (Darmstadt), [[T-Systems]] (Frankfurt and Darmstadt), [[Deutsche Telekom]] (laboratories in Darmstadt), [[DB Systel]] (Frankfurt), [[Lufthansa Systems]] (Raunheim near Frankfurt) and [[DE-CIX]] (Frankfurt).

=== Food and beverage ===

Sweet making is typical, there are 2 big factories: [[Ferrero SpA|Ferrero]], [[Stadtallendorf]] and Baronie (Sarotti), [[Hattersheim am Main]]. [[Frankfurter Würstchen|Frankfurter Sausage]] is famous, but there is also other sorts like [[Frankfurter Rindswurst]], [[Ahle Wurst]].

Beverage industry is well-developed and manufactures sparkling wine ([[Sparkling wine#Sekt|Sekt]]), white wine ([[Riesling]]), mineral waters ([[Selters]]), beers ([[Radeberger Group|Radeberger]]) and [[Apfelwein|cider]].

<gallery>
Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg|Green Sauce Monument
</gallery>
In [[Oberrad|Frankfurt-Oberrad]] exists growing of wild herbs for [[Green sauce#Germany|green sauce]] and monument.

=== Defunct industries ===
The leather industry was predominantly based in [[Offenbach am Main|Offenbach]], but is now extinct, existing only in museums. The same happened with Frankfurt's fur industry and Hanau's jewelry industry.

=== Typical Hesse's products ===

<gallery>
Opel Insignia B FL IMG 4300.jpg| [[Opel Insignia]]
Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg| Braun Shaver
Leica_Q2_(L1000042).jpg| Leica Q2
Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1,_100_years_of_the_Lötschberg,_Lalden.jpg| Locomotive [[Alstom Traxx|TRAXX]]
Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg| Warp knitting machine (Karl Mayer)
DNEX-Tryckeriet,_interiör,_2017a.jpg|Printing machine (MAN Roland Colorman)
Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg| [[Apfelwein|Apfelwein (Cider)]]
Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg|[[Riesling]] wine
</gallery>

=== Unemployment ===
The [[Hochtaunuskreis]] has the lowest unemployment rate at 3.8% while the independent city of Kassel has the highest rate nationally at 12.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?countryId=DE&acro=lmi&showRegion=true&lang=en&mode=text&regionId=DE0&nuts2Code=%20&nuts3Code=null&catId=366|title=EURES – Labour market information – Hessen – European Commission|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203045143/https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?countryId=DE&acro=lmi&showRegion=true&lang=en&mode=text&regionId=DE0&nuts2Code=%20&nuts3Code=null&catId=366|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 the unemployment rate stood at 4.4% and was lower than the national average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|title=Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 {{!}} Statista|website=Statista|language=de|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2|title=Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online|last=(Destatis)|first=© Statistisches Bundesamt|date=13 November 2018|website=www-genesis.destatis.de|language=en|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110120/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2000
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
!2005
!2006
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
|-
|Unemployment rate in %
|7.3
|6.6
|7.0
|7.9
|8.2
|9.7
|9.2
|7.5
|6.5
|6.8
|6.4
|5.9
|5.7
|5.8
|5.7
|5.5
|5.3
|5.0
|4.6
|3.1
|4.1
|3.8
|}